2142       Anarta myrtilli (Linnaeus, 1761) BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING

A mostly day-flying species with a scattered distribution across Britain, the larva feeding on heather (Calluna vulgaris) and bell heather (Erica cinerea). In Dorset, the moth exclusively inhabits heathland where it is usually common. The majority of adults appear during July and August, but the following examples suggest a partial first brood: Canford Heath, by day on 4 April 2002 (P Davey), Hurn, at MV light on 10 May 2000 (M Jeffes), Sopley Common, six in flight on 13 May 1997 (P Davey), Matchams, at MV light on 1 June 1988 (G Le Pard). The following moths were trapped at light in coastal localities well away from typical heathland, and dispersal is suspected: Scar Bank, on 28 July 1947 (A Russell), West Bexington, on 4 August 2003 (R Eden), Durlston, on 7 August 2003 (J McGill) and on 31 July 2004 (D Brown).

2145       Discestra trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766) NUTMEG

A species found throughout south-east England but becoming scarcer further north and west, the larva feeding on goosefoots (Atriplex spp.) and oraches (Chenopodiae spp.). In Dorset, the moth is frequent in the vicinity of pebble beaches or muddy shores where orache and sea purslane (Atriplex portulacoides) grow, notably the Fleet, Portland Harbour and Poole Harbour. Elsewhere, inland records suggest that the species colonises, albeit at low density, high-nutrient arable land, gardens and allotments possibly feeding on many-seeded goosefoot (Chenopdium polyspermum), fat hen (Chenopodium album) or spear-leaved orache (Atriplex prostrata); the same habitat occupied potentially by the Dark Spinach₁₇₄₉.

The national norm is for a double brood in May and June, and in August and September in southern England, and a single brood further north in June and July. The moth is double brooded in Dorset, but individuals noted in July suggest an additional univoltine cycle. This latter cycle was particularly pronounced during the first two weeks of July in the hot summer of 1976, see graphic displaying Nutmeg totals at Arne, as a north-easterly airflow blew continuously across the Atriplex-rich shoreline of Poole Harbour to Arne (the trap at Arne was not run prior to 8^th June that year). Unusually high numbers of adults were trapped in 1992 across the whole county on 29 July and on 7 August, see graphic using all county moth data. It is likely that many seen on these occasions were second brood immigrants from central or north-east France.

During the great winter immigration of 2004, an unexpected influx of seventeen examples occurred across the county. All moths were of a slightly paler shade than those seen during the summer months, and a backtrack revealed a source of origin to the south of the Atlas mountains: West Bexington, 10 February 2004, 4 on 11 February 2004, 13 February 2004, 14 February 2004, 16 February 2004 (R Eden), Kingcombe, 11 February 2004 (N Spring), Portland, 5 on 11 February 2004, 13 February 2004 (M Cade), Puddletown, at MV on 13 February 2000 (H Wood Homer), Corfe Castle, 11 February 2000 (J Cox), Preston, two on 13 February 2000 (R Lambert). At the other end of the year, an example was trapped well into the autumn with a similar potential source: Walditch, 31 October 2006 (M Parsons).

In summary, this interesting species appears to be highly dispersive. The phenology chart therefore comprises resident brood cycles plus immigration episodes, a trend reminiscent of that of the Dark Sword-grass₂₀₉₁.

2147       Hada plebeja (Linnaeus, 1761) SHEARS

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on the roots of Compositae species including dandelion (Taraxacum spp.) and hawk’s-beards (Crepis spp.). In Dorset, the moth is frequent to common on dry unimproved grassland on chalky and sandy soils; it is at low density or absent within woodland and wetland. The moth is double-brooded in the county, with a second generation between mid July and mid August; however, the following light trap records suggest a very occasional partial second generation: Puddletown, on 13 September 2000 (H Wood Homer), Gillingham, on 17 September 1997 (G Hopkins), Winterborne Stickland, on 15 September 2002 (L de Whalley), Gaunts Common, on 18 September 1983 (Miss M Brooks), Matchams, on 8 September 1983 (G Le Pard).

2148       Polia bombycina (Hufnagel, 1766) PALE SHINING BROWN      Notable/Nb

A declining species headquartered in south-east England mainly on chalk downland, the larval foodplant is unknown. In Dorset, the moth has always been rare and after a gap of seventy years, several were trapped at light during the 1960s in the north-east of the county in the lee of chalk downland. Thirteen years later, one more was trapped in similar chalky habitat but fifteen kilometres away. There have been no further records, although a colony persists at Stourhead, three kilometres to the north of the county border in Wiltshire. Given the recent serious decline of the species nationally and the loss of much of its preferred unimproved chalky grassland habitat, the moth is probably extinct in the county, no recommendations are proposed: Glanvilles Wootton, in 1881 (Dale), Bere Wood, at sugar on 23 July 1856 (FB), Iwerne Minster, at MV light on 30 June 1956, 30 June 1959, 1 July 1959, 5 July 1968 (H Moore), Milton Abbey, at MV light on 18 June 1981 (Milton Abbey School NHS). It is recommended that trapping be undertaken at Fontmell Down for this species.

2149       Polia trimaculosa (Esper, 1788) SILVERY ARCHES      Notable/Nb

A local and decreasing species confined to acid soils in the British Isles, the larva feeding on various herbaceous plants before hibernation and the young foliage of shrubs and trees, including birch (Betulae spp.) and sallow (Salix spp.), during the following spring. In Dorset, there are historical records close to substantial old oak/birch in Bere Wood before it was felled and replaced with conifer, and from old oak/birch woodland in the north-east of the county: Bloxworth, very sparingly (O Pickard Cambridge), Cranborne, on 7 July 1903 (F Fisher). It is recommended that trapping be undertaken in Boys Wood and Castle Hill Wood for this species. This moth is similar in size and general appearance to Grey Arches₂₁₅₀. Diagnostics include: irregular but prominent black marks along subterminal line; ground colour silver-blue grey.

2150       Polia nebulosa (Hufnagel, 1766) GREY ARCHES

A frequent species in southern Britain, more local further north, feeding on various herbaceous plants before hibernation and the young foliage of shrubs and trees the following spring. In Dorset, the moth is frequent in deciduous woodland, rising to common in old oak/birch woods. The moth is rarely encountered well away from woodland habitat, however, these light trap records are from virtually tree-less habitat and suggest occasional dispersal: West Bexington, on 13 July 1996, 2 July 1998, 3 July, 4 July, 6 July 2006 (R Eden), Portland, on 30 June 1986, 2 July 1986 (MR), 1 July 2008 (M Cade), Durlston, 24 June 2006 (P Davey).

2151       Pachetra sagittigera (Hufnagel, 1766) FEATHERED EAR     RDB1

Last seen in 1963, this species is believed to be extinct in Britain. It was formerly restricted to a handful of localities on calcareous soil in southern England, the larva feeding on various grasses, particularly meadow-grasses (Poa spp.). In Dorset, there is one record: Portland, (R Bretherton, South London Ent. Soc. Proc., 1964, p27).

2152       Sideridis albicolon (Hübner, 1813) WHITE COLON      Notable/Nb

A species confined to coastal dunes in England, Wales and eastern Scotland, heathland in Surrey and Norfolk, and the banks of the Thames in west London, the larva feeding on many low-growing herbaceous plants including shingle and sand dune plant species. In Dorset, there are old records from Chesil Beach, Poole Harbour, Bournemouth and Christchurch, indicating colonisation of coastal dune and shingle habitat in the past. Given the increasing human pressures and the destruction of much of Dorset’s dune habitat and associated flora, it is understandable how this species, so called because of the distinct white colon at the base of the reniform stigmata, has disappeared: Sandsfoot Castle, scraped out in plenty from the overhanging edges of the sand and gravel pits on 28 June 1886, a few on 6 July 1886, 21 and 27 June 1887 (Reverend E Bankes), Chesil Beach, not uncommonly (Reverend E Bankes, Commander J Walker), a single moth by raking the edges of the small holes in the gravel pits on 10 July 1890 (Reverend E Bankes), Portland, three (C Partridge, 1889, Ent. 22:45), Hamworthy, on 2 August 1901 (E Curtis), one on 12 July 1908 and three since (W Parkinson Curtis), Pennsylvania, on 1 August 1890 (H Vivian, per N Richarson, 1896, Dorset Field Club, 17:158), Bournemouth, (Fassnidge), Christchurch, (Fassnidge).

2153       Heliophobus reticulata (Goeze, 1781) BORDERED GOTHIC      Notable/Nb

A local and declining species restricted to chalky soil in south-eastern Britain, the larval foodplant is unknown. In Dorset, the moth has undergone a steep decline and is now likely to be extinct. The last locality from which there were regular sightings was on Portland. Occasional singletons have been seen subsequently, but there have been no potential resident records since 1998. Up until the 1960s, colonies of the moth were established locally on unimproved chalky grassland sites across the county. Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) has been proposed as a potential foodplant of the larva, but, given the plant’s virtual absence from Portland plus the moth’s regular appearance historically on the Island plus the plant’s scarcity elsewhere, it is unlikely that soapwort is critical to the survival of the species in the county. In the absence of a full understanding of the life cycle of the Bordered Gothic, it is difficult to propose recommendations. It would appear that the loss of so much unimproved grassland on chalky soil has had a detrimental effect on the species: Glanvilles Wootton, (Dale), Portland Bill, four between 6 June 1966 and 3 July 1966 (F Clafton), at MV on 11 July 1987 (Dr J Clarke), Portland, not uncommon pre-1896 (N Richardson), at MV on 13 July 1982, 20 June 1984 (Reverend S Pittis), twelve at MV between 14 May 1995 and 25 June 1995, 14 June 1996, 24 June 1996, 14 July 1996 (M Cade), The Verne, at MV on 4 July 1984 (Dr J Clarke), Church Ope Cove, at MV on 11 June 1975 (B Withers), two on 18 June 1976 (B Goater), two on 9 June 1984 (D Brown), Grove, at MV on 3 June 1998 (D Walbridge), Weymouth, (O Pickard Cambridge), Radipole, at MV on 16 July 1988 (D Arnold), Dorchester, two at light on 19 June 1950, 13 June 1952 (A Lisney), Ringstead, (Dr F Haines), Chamberlaynes, at light on 25 May 1927, 13 June 1928, 2 July 1931, 25 June 1935 (H Andrewes), Bere Wood, (W Parkinson Curtis), Bloxworth, (O Pickard Cambridge), Iwerne Minster, at MV light on 19 June 1958, 22 June 1958, three between 28 June 1959 and 7 July 1959, 26 June 1962 (H Moore), Bryanston, at light on 7 June 1947, two in 1954 (J Howell), Scar Bank, at light on 9 June 1935, at sugar on 10 June 1938, 3 July 1938, at light in 1939, 22 June 1945, 26 May 1946, 6 June 1946, two on 7 June 1946, two on 14 June 1946, two on 15 June 1946, 23 June 1946, 29 June 1946, 30 June 1946, 12 June 1948, 12 June 1949, 9 June 1950 (A Russell), Ballard Down, at light on 4 July 1905 (W Parkinson Curtis), Cranborne, not uncommon in the woods and on the downs at sugar (W Parkinson Curtis), at light on 20 June 1902, 6 June 1905 (F Fisher), Parley Cross, in 1954 (Dr H King), Highcliffe, two in 1953, one in 1954 (B Barton).

Examples of recent potential immigrants trapped coincident with airflows from the near Continent include: West Bexington, 13 June 1997, 25 June 2005 (R Eden), Winfrith, on 26 May 1997 (J Hunnisett), Arne Wood, on 2 July 1987 (B Pickess).

2154       Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) CABBAGE

A species found throughout south-east England, becoming scarcer the further north and west one travels, the polyphagous larva feeding nocturnally and a noted pest species of cabbage crops (Brassicae spp.). In Dorset, the moth was: “a serious agricultural pest in gardens, market gardens and fields, and does at times serious damage to food for man and cattle - no cultivated land in the county where it cannot be found.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). Today this is certainly not true, and the species has undergone a dramatic decline, perhaps due to the widespread application of toxins on vegetable crops. It is best described as widespread but at low density, rising to frequent along the Purbeck coast and Portland where cabbage (Brassica oleracea) grows naturally on chalky cliffs and undercliffs. The species apparently overwinters either as a larva or as a pupa, the former producing broods from mid-June to early July and a main brood from mid-August to mid-September, and the latter producing moths between late May and mid-June, with a main generation between mid-July and mid-August. A bilateral gynandromorph was trapped at Hurn on 17 September 2003 (M Jeffes).

2155       Melanchra persicariae (Linnaeus, 1761) DOT

A widespread species in England and Wales but absent from Scotland, the larva is polyphagous. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and generally at low density. It is locally frequent in gardens and allotments in towns and villages, where it is “often in the larval stage, destructive to china aster and gladioli.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms), and rises to common in chalky river valleys. Traps run in the vicinity of larch (Larix spp.), notably at Piddles Wood, Stubhampton and Chase Woods, have produced relatively high numbers of moths. The national norm is for a single brood in July and August, but in Dorset the range of dates is slightly earlier between mid-June and mid-August. There is a partial second brood in late August and early September in some seasons; the following light trap records refer: Gillingham, 25 August 1995 (G Hopkins), Winterborne Stickland, 1 September 2006 (LdW), Wareham, 27 August 2008 (Mrs B Young), Swanage, 30 August 2008 (Mrs P England), Arne, 23 August 1987, 29 August 1992 (B Pickess), Wimborne, 27 August 2007 (R Steedman).

2156       Lacanobia contigua [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775]    BEAUTIFUL BROCADE

A local species confined to acid soils in the British Isles, the larva feeding on various herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees, including birch (Betulae spp.) and sallow (Salix spp.). In Dorset, the moth is at low density, and found exclusively on heathland blocks, particularly those where deciduous trees and shrubs such as birch, sallow or bog-myrtle (Myrtillus vaccinium) are present, a preference exhibited also by Ringed Carpet₁₉₃₉.

2157       Lacanobia w-latinum (Hufnagel, 1766) LIGHT BROCADE

A species occurring throughout southern Britain, but rare further north, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is locally common on heathland and on unimproved grassland on chalky soil. It is rarely observed elsewhere.

2158       Lacanobia thalassina (Hufnagel, 1766) PALE-SHOULDERED BROCADE

A widely distributed species in Britain most often encountered in southern woods and on northern moors, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. In Dorset, the moth is headquartered in deciduous woodland where it as at low density; elsewhere it is rare. The following recorded at light traps are suspected second generation examples: Puddletown, on 7 Augus 1999 (H Wood Homer), Oakers Wood, on 24 August 1995 (P Davey), Gaunts Common, on 3 August 1991 (P Davey), Slepe, 4 August 2003 (D Cooper), Arne Wood, on 11 August 1977, 14 August 1977, 10 August 1983 (B Pickess).

2159       Lacanobia suasa [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] DOG'S TOOTH

A widely distributed species in Britain usually in coastal, estuarine, large river or moorland habitat, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is frequent in coastal salterns and fens from the Fleet eastwards, notably at Weymouth, in Poole Harbour and at Hengistbury Head, and is locally frequent also in the fens on the river system passing through Wareham. In Dorset, the moth is double brooded in May and early August; an additional peak in June suggests a separate univoltine cycle. The national norm is for a single brood in June and July in the north and a double brood in the south.

2160       Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758) BRIGHT-LINE BROWN-EYE

A widespread species in Britain, the larva is polyphagous and occasionally a pest in market gardens to tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common. “In those parts of the country I know, sufficiently abundant to be a pest. Its larvae are especially destructive to gladiolus flower spikes, lupins, carnations and primulae.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The moth appears to have two brood cycles, a single brood in July, and a double brood peaking in June and again in September. Examples are observed as early as April 1 and as late as November 4.

2160.1   Lacanobia splendens (…) SPLENDID BROCADE

A southern European species, found locally in France where it frequents woodland edges, the larva feeding on bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), burdocks (Arctium spp.), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and convolvulus (Convolvuli spp.). The species was first recorded on the Channel Islands in early July 2001 and for the first time in mainland Britain on 14 June 2003 in Kent. Ten more moths appeared across southern-most counties of England over the next four weeks and half of these were from Dorset; a sixth example was recorded in 2004. The following light trap records refer: Wyke Regis, on 30 June 2003 (D Foot), Portland, on 1 July 03 (M Cade), Puddletown, on 1 July 03 (H Wood Homer), Swanage, on 5 July 2003 (R Cox), Studland, on 20 July 2004 (D Brown), Boys Wood, on 7 July 2003 (P Davey).

2163       Melanchra pisi (Linnaeus, 1758) BROOM

A species found throughout Britain, the larva is polyphagous. In Dorset, the moth is at low density, especially away from sandy soil, but it is locally frequent where bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is dominant and in the few localities where broom (Cytisus scoparius) flourishes.

2164       Hecatera bicolorata (Hufnagel, 1766) BROAD-BARRED WHITE

A species found mainly in south-east Britain, but local elsewhere, the larva feeding on the buds and flowers of compositae species including ox-tongues (Picris spp.), hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) and hawk’s-beards (Crepis spp.). In Dorset, the moth is most often seen on dry grassland on both chalky and sandy soils; in such places it is local and at low density.                                                                                                            

2165       Hecatera dysodea [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] SMALL RANUNCULUS      RDBK

A species resident locally in southern England and south Wales, largely disappearing by the start of the twentieth century and then reappearing in 1997 along the Thames estuary in north Kent, the larva feeding on the flowers and seeds of wild and cultivated lettuce (Lactuca spp.). The distribution of the moth in the nineteenth century coincided with that of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), although the distribution of the latter has remained largely unchanged to the present day. In Dorset, the moth has not been seen for a very long time. However, the Small Ranunculus is spreading westwards in south-east England at the present time, and coincidentally, prickly lettuce is increasing fast across the county, especially on artificial habitats such as disturbed verges, railway banks, quarries and tips around Weymouth and in the Poole basin: Poole, (Mr Seager, per Dale), prior to 1880 (E Blanchard).

2166       Hadena rivularis (Fabricius, 1775) CAMPION

A widely distributed species in Britain, the larva feeding on the ripening seeds of various campions (Silene spp.). In Dorset, the moth is at low density. It is perhaps most frequent on the coast where it is associated with sea campion (Silene uniflora) and the very local nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans), also inland on chalky soils where white campion (Silene latifolia) and bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) grow. The moth is virtually absent from sandy soils away from Poole Harbour, and there are no records from the north-west of the county, which suggests red campion (Silene dioica) is not a host foodplant for the species. The moth is double-brooded in Dorset, the second brood marginally more numerous than the first. 

2167       Hadena perplexa [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] TAWNY SHEARS

A coastal and chalky soil species in England and Wales, the larva feeding on the ripening seeds of various white campions (Silene spp.). In Dorset, the moth is at low density on the coast where it is associated with sea campion (Silene uniflora) and nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans). The Tawny Shears has undergone a dramatic decline inland due to the loss of unimproved grassland on chalky soils due to the changes in farming methods. All inland records are included below, but very few are recent. Three broods are suggested from the records, the first from mid-April to early June, the second from early July to early August, and a partial third brood from late August to mid-September, the latest recorded date being 31 October; the national norm is for a single generation with a partial second brood in southern England. An extreme white ab pallida was trapped at light at Scar Bank on 28 May 1948 (A Russell). The moth shares the same habitat as the Netted Pug₁₈₂₃ and Marbled Coronet₂₁₇₁, and the recommendations proposed under those species wherever implemented, should benefit this moth too: Chamberlaynes, in 1929 (H Andrewes), Milton Abbas, (O Leigh Wood), Iwerne Minster, two at MV on 2 June 1955, 3 June 1956, 23 June 1956, 12 July 1962 (H Moore), Blandford, larvae plentiful and on Badbury Rings (S Scarsdale Brown), Gussage St Michael, (Reverend J Ward), Cranborne, common (F Fisher), Puddletown, two at MV on 18, 21 and 22 August 2001, 13 May 2002 (H Wood Homer), Woolland, at MV on 17 May 1997, 5 June 1998 (P Benham), Wool, at MV on 6 June 2004 (D Cooper), Child Okeford, at MV on 8 July 1997 (S Barrett), Fontmell Down, four at MV on 16 July 2004 (P Davey), Furzebrook, at MV on 6 June 1976 (Professor N Webb).

2169       Hadena luteago [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] BARRETT'S MARBLED CORONET     Notable/Nb

A species found very locally on the coasts of Pembrokeshire, Cornwall and Devon, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of sea campion (Silene uniflora) and rock sea-spurry (Spergularia rupicola). In Dorset, the moth has been trapped at light on five occasions, all on the coast: Eype’s Mouth, on 16 June 2004 (Dr P Sterling), two on 22 June 2005 (Dr P Sterling et al), 14 June 2007 (M Parsons), West Bexington, on 17 May 2002 (R Eden), Grove, on 25 June 1999 (D Walbridge). The Eype’s Mouth records strongly suggest the existence of a colony. The other two moths were trapped coincident with south-easterly airflows from France.

2170       Hadena compta [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] VARIED CORONET

Confirmed as a resident British species in Kent in 1948, the larva feeding on the ripening seeds of sweet william (Dianthus barbatus). The species subsequently spread northwards and westwards to much of south-east England and east Anglia, to Berkshire in the 1970s, and to Hampshire, Gloucestershire and Worcestershire during the 1980s. In Dorset, the moth was first recorded on the coast in 1992 in a north-easterly airflow, again on the coast two years later, then inland from 1996. Records have been rather sporadic subsequently, but occasional examples from Shaftebury and Gillingham suggest residency for the time being in the north of the county. The following light trap records comprise all county examples: West Bexington on 9 July 1992, 14 July 2000, 1 July 2001 (R Eden), Bere Regis, on 14 August 1996, 19 June 1997 (S Barrett), Child Okeford, on 2 July 1997 (S Barrett), Gillingham, on 20 June 1999, 6 July 2000, 17 June 2006, 10 June 2008 (G Hopkins), Shaftesbury, on 21 July 1996, 2 July 1997, 12 July 1997, 8 July 1998 (W Shreeves), Melbury Down, on 20 July 1996 (P Davey), Highcliffe, on 12 July 1994 (R Chapman). This species is similar to Marbled Coronet₂₁₇₁ and to a lesser extent, White Spot₂₁₇₂. Diagnostics include: central white band straddles the whole forewing.

2171       Hadena confusa (Hufnagel, 1766) MARBLED CORONET

A widespread but sparsely distributed species in Britain, the larva feeding on the ripening seed capsules of bladder campion (Silene vulgaris) and sea campion (Silene uniflora). In Dorset, the moth always was rare. Any colonies that may have existed have long become extinct: Powerstock, (Dale), Sherborne, (Dale), Glanvilles Wootton, on 25 May 1815 (Dale), Portland, (Dale, N Richardson); Gussage St Michael, in 1877 (JHW), Cranborne, occasionally (F Fisher). The low density of bladder campion may well account for the absence of the moth inland, but the locally frequent sea campion in Poole Harbour, and along the Purbeck and west Dorset coasts could theoretically support colonies. Interestingly, the Netted Pug₁₈₂₃ shares the same foodplants as the Marbled Coronet, and although rare, still manages to hang on. It is recommended that County Council extend their ‘verges of interest’ to include roadside verges that support bladder campion, and suspend mowing of the verges until the larva stage has been completed, usually by the end of August. It is also recommended that this species be included in chalk grassland habitat management plans.

Southerly to south-easterly airflows were established on all the following dates, and immigration is suspected on each occasion: Scar Bank, nectaring at flowers on 9 June 1934 and 10 June 1934 (A Russell), Dorchester, 2 July 1993 (Mrs M Spencer), Southwell, 30 June 2006 (via PBO website), Portland, at MV on 10 June 2004 (M Cade), Iwerne Minster, at MV on 1 July 1961 (H Moore), Shapwick, 18 June 2007 (P Davey), Canford, at MV on 10 June 1957 (D Southwell), West Blagdon, 28 May 2004 (D Green).

2172       Hadena albimacula (Borkhausen, 1792) WHITE SPOT     RDB2

A species restricted to the southern most counties of England, occurring very locally on shingle beaches and on chalky cliffs along the coast, the larva feeding on the ripening seeds of nottingham catchfly (Silene nutans) and on sweet william (Dianthus barbatus). In Dorset, the moth is common very locally on the chalk cliffs of the Purbeck coast. Nottingham catchfly is a very local plant in the county, and tends to be restricted to the edges and faces of coastal chalk cliffs. The plant has also been noted at Corfe Castle, and the chalk strata along the length of the Purbeck Ridge may once have supported nottingham catchfly. Improved farmland now extends to all but the very edge of chalk cliff-tops in Dorset, for example at White Nothe, and so colonies of the host plant are unable to expand into new territory. The addition of broad unimproved grassland margins at the edges of the field systems that bound chalk cliffs would provide additional valuable habitat for the plant and therefore the moth. Unimproved grassland tracts exist on chalk cliff tops at The Warren, between Bindon Hill and Flowers Barrow, and between Ballard Point and Old Harry, sites owned by MAFF, the MOD and the National Trust, respectively. It is recommended that these agencies include nottingham catchfly in habitat management plans to protect them from overgrazing, trampling or premature grass cutting: White Nothe, four larvae in nottingham catchfly seeds on 15 July 1996 (Dr P Sterling, Dr D Pearman), larva in nottingham catchfly seeds on 22 July 1999 (D Green), at MV on 28 May 2003 (M Forster, P Harris), Arish Mell, two at MV on 31 May 2003 (P Davey), Shaggs, at MV on 28 May 2002 (M Parsons), East Lulworth, at MV on 12 May 1999 (M Parsons, D Green), Ballard Down, very many larvae in nottingham catchfly seeds on 1 July 1999 (Dr P Sterling, Dr D Pearman), two at MV on 29 May 2000, four on 2 June 2000, fourteen on 17 June 2000, six on 5 June 2001, four on 1 June 2002 (C Manley).

The moth is given to short to medium-range dispersal on occasion, the following light trap records refer: West Bexington, on 25 May 1997 (R Eden), Weymouth, female on 1 June 1979 (RWS), Church Ope Cove, on 28 June 1986 (D Brown), Preston, on 6 May 00 (P Knight), Bere Regis, on 7 May 1995 (S Barrett), Stonehill Down, on 19 May 1999 (Dr P Sterling et al), Arne Wood, on 14 June 1976, 25 June 1976, 21 September 1988 (B Pickess), Durlston, on 25 May 1992 (Dr J Clarke). The 1988 record is unusually late, and suggests a second brood individual from Purbeck as winds were light and southerly on the night in question. This species is similar to Marbled Coronet₂₁₇₁. Diagnostics include: white markings restricted in the main to the immediate region around the reniform stigmata; centre of orbicular stigmata contains olive-brown ground colour rather than white.

2173       Hadena bicruris (Hufnagel, 1766) LYCHNIS

A widely distributed species in Britain, the larva feeding on the ripening seeds of various campions (Silene spp.). In Dorset, the moth is at low density but is more widespread and marginally more frequent than the Campion_2166, which it resembles. It occurs on all soil types, most frequently on chalky soils, but also on sandy soil where its foodplant is likely to be red campion (Silene dioica). The moth is double-brooded in the county, the generations overlapping, and the peak of the first brood is fifty percent more numerous than that of the second brood. The moth is similar to the Campion₂₁₆₆. Diagnostics include: reniform and orbicular stigmata discrete and not joined; forewings not suffused with purple.

2176       Cerapteryx graminis (Linnaeus, 1758) ANTLER

Widespread in Britain, occasionally reaching plague proportions on acid uplands, the larva feeding on hard-bladed grasses such as mat-grass (Nardus stricta), purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and fescues (Festuca spp.). In Dorset, the moth is now seldom recorded. The few records suggest low-density colonies on short-turf chalky soil where sheep’s fecscue (Festuca ovina) abounds, and on dry heaths where disturbance has created conditions suitable for fine-leaved sheep’s fescue (Festuca filiformis).

2177       Tholera cespitis [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] HEDGE RUSTIC

A widespread species in south-east England but sparsely distributed elsewhere, the larva feeding on hard-bladed grasses notably mat-grass (Nardus stricta), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa). In Dorset, the moth is at low density and more scarce than the Feathered Gothic₂₁₇₈.  The current low ebb of the moth contrasts markedly with historical observations of abundance at Bloxworth, Chamberlaynes (twenty-eight at light on 1 September 1935), Lytchett Minster and Poole, all localities on sandy soils. The few seen in recent years have tended to be recorded from damp woodland, grassland on sandy soil and scrub-rich chalky downland; it is seldom encountered in open country, for example there few records from Portland. This suggests that the moth prefers damp-loving hard-bladed grass species, for example rough meadow-grass (Poa trivialis).

2178       Tholera decimalis (Poda, 1761) FEATHERED GOTHIC

A widespread species in England, the larva feeding on hard-bladed grasses notably mat-grass (Nardus stricta), sheep’s fescue (Festuca ovina) and annual meadow grass (Poa annua). In Dorset, the moth is at low density, but locally abundant on unimproved calcareous grassland and frequent on dry heaths. Given these preferred habitats, sheep’s fecscue (Festuca ovina), fine-leaved sheep’s fescue (Festuca filiformis) and tufted hair-grass are likely food sources.

2179       Panolis flammea [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] PINE BEAUTY

A species occurring throughout Britain, the larva feeding on scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). In Dorset, the moth is frequent where scots pine has been block-planted, particularly on sandy soil, and to a lesser extent on chalky soil where the forestry commission and private estates harvest the conifer trees commercially. Stands of self-sown maritime pine on heaths and sandy cliffs in the Poole Basin provide an additional food source for the moth. The time of the moth’s emergence is dictated by how advanced the season is, with individuals seen as early as February or as late as June. The following example was either a delayed emergence or a second brood individual: Higher Hyde, at MV light on 15 July 2002 (P Davey). These moths were likely to have dispersed from the Poole Basin; a north-easterly airflow was established at the time: Portland, at MV on 15 and 16 May 1998 (M Cade).

2181       Egira conspicillaris (Linnaeus, 1758) SILVER CLOUD     Notable/Na

A rare species headquartered in the open woods and orchards of the lower Severn Valley, plus several sites in Devon, the larval foodplant is unknown, but on the Continent it is polyphagous on trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. There is one record from Dorset, trapped at Sherborne on the River Yeo, and nearly forty kilometers from the nearest Devon locality: Sherborne, at MV light in 1969 (C Gibson, BENHS 18.1 : 9).

2182       Orthosia cruda [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] SMALL QUAKER

A widely distributed species in Britain, the larva feeding on oak (Quercus spp.), sallow (Salix spp.), hazel (Corylus avellana), blackthorn (Prunus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). In Dorset, the moth is abundant in deciduous woodland and frequent amongst scrub and hedgerow containing one or more of its host foodplants.

2183       Orthosia miniosa [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] BLOSSOM UNDERWING

A local species in southern and western Britain, the larva feeding on oak (Quercus spp.). In Dorset the moth is local, at low density and a decreased species. The species seems to prefer the soft, young foliage of pendunculate oak (Quercus robur) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea) resulting from coppicing, grazing or forestry within old oak woods, plus the scrubby oaks that grow on sandy soil. The moth is particularly common at Rooksmoor and at Deadmoor Common in the Blackmore Vale. It has also been recorded on more than one occasion from Melcombe Park. Larvae have been found at Rooksmoor on the tender foliage of grazed oak plants no more than eight inches high that form part of the old grassland mosaic at the site. Elsewhere, the loss of old oak woodland and the removal of scrubby oaks to make way for conifers and scrub-free heathland, has inevitably caused the species to decline. “Its seasonal abundance varies within wide limits, but I have seen the larva so abundant in the larger deciduous woodlands, that every stroke of the beating stick put three or four on the tray.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). It is recommended that this species be included in habitat management plans for coppicing within oak woodland blocks at Rooksmoor, Deadmoor and Alners Gorse.

The moth has a tendency to disperse and there are several instances of immigration to the UK from abroad; it occurs throughout Europe. In 1999, many moths appeared across southern England from Cornwall to Essex; the following light trap records comprise the Dorset tally at this time: Portland, eight on 1 April 1999, 2 April 1999, three on 4 April 1999 (M Cade), Preston, on 1 April 1999 (P Knight), Povington Wood, six on 8 April 1999 (P Davey), Ashington, on 5 April 1999 (J Fradgley).

2184       Orthosia opima (Hübner, 1809) NORTHERN DRAB

A local species in England and Wales, and rare in Scotland, the polyphagous larva feeding on various herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. In Dorset the moth is local and at low density; it is most often encountered on calcareous clay and chalky soils in the north-eastern quadrant of the county where blackthorn (Prunus spp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) are dominant plants in scrub or unmaintained hedgerow. Care is needed in identifying darker, unicolorous specimens, as these can resemble the Clouded Drab₂₁₈₈. Diagnostics include: a rounded apex; a relatively straight and conspicuous subterminal line.

2185       Orthosia populeti (Fabricius, 1781) LEAD-COLOURED DRAB

A local species in south-east Britain, rare or absent elsewhere, the larva feeding on aspen (Populus tremula) and occasionally other poplars (Populus spp.). In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density due to the scarcity of poplar communities. However, the moth is particularly common on the Moors River at Hurn where mature black poplar (Populus nigra) trees grow along the river banks; three-quarters of the county total have been recorded at the site. The moth has also been noted in the aspen groves in Castle Hill Wood and Boys Wood in north-east Dorset, and white poplar (Populus alba) at Alners Gorse. The species can resemble Clouded Drab₂₁₈₈. Diagnostics include: same size and shape as Common Quaker₂₁₈₇; a rounded apex; a rounded termen.

The following example was likely to be an immigrant; a second specimen was trapped on the same night on the Lizard in Cornwall, and coincided with a spectacular influx of Blossom Underwing₂₁₈₃ across southern England. The moth occurs throughout central and northern Europe: Preston, at MV light on 31 March 1999 (P Knight).

2186       Orthosia gracilis [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] POWDERED QUAKER

A widespread species in England and Wales, more local in Scotland, the larva feeding on bog myrtle (Myrica gale), sallow (Salix spp.), meadow-sweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and other plants. In Dorset, the moth is frequent in damp habitat but rises to common among bog myrtle in marsh and mire in the Poole Basin, and here the adult is often extremely variable, with pink, brown or purple forms predominating. The moth is also common on unimproved grassland. In all other places it is generally at low density.

2187       Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775) COMMON QUAKER

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on oak (Quercus spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), sallow (Salix spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.) and other deciduous tree species. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common to abundant with a protracted flight period lasting three months between the end of February and the end of May. The following individuals were trapped on rather early dates: Chamberlaynes, at light on 15 November 1938 (H Andrewes), West Bexington, at MV on 20 January 1998 (R Eden), Puddletown, at MV on 9 December 2004 (H Wood Homer), Gaunts Common, at MV on 26 November 1994, 2 December 1994, 13 November 1995 (P Davey).

2188       Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel, 1766) CLOUDED DRAB

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on oak (Quercus spp.), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), sallow (Salix spp.), elm (Ulmus spp.) and other deciduous tree species. In Dorset, the moth is locally abundant in deciduous woodland, but becomes scarce in open tree-less habitat, for example, there are no records from Portland.

2189       Orthosia munda [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] TWIN-SPOTTED QUAKER

A widespread species in southern Britain becoming more rare further north, the larva feeding nocturnally on various deciduous tree and shrub species; it is also cannibalistic. In Dorset, the moth is frequent in deciduous woodland, particularly in old oak woods, but becomes scarce in open, tree-less habitat. The larva may be found during the day in the crevices of oak trunks.

2190       Orthosia gothica (Linnaeus, 1758) HEBREW CHARACTER

A widespread species in Britain, the polyphagous larva preferring deciduous trees and shrubs. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common to abundant, with a prolonged flight period between mid-February and mid-June. The following individuals were recorded at light traps on rather early dates: Puddletown, on 25 December 2002 (H Wood Homer), Ashington, on 31 December 1988 (J Fradgley).

 2191       Mythimna turca (Linnaeus, 1761) DOUBLE LINE      Notable/Nb

A declining species restricted to south-west Wales, Devon and Cornwall, Cheshire and a few counties in south-east England, the larva feeding nocturnally on wood-rush (Luzula spp.), cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata) and wood meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis). In Dorset, the moth was discovered by Dr P Sterling on a large estate containing old, mixed woodland and parkland, situated at a relatively elevated position of one hundred and fifty metres above mean sea level. Most of the moths were trapped in the deer wardens garden with none of the preferred larval ‘clumpy grass’ microhabitat nearby. Until the habitat requirements of the Double-line at Melbury Park are better understood it is not possible to propose recommendations to protect and promote this fine species at the site: Evershott, (R Dyke), Melbury Park, two on 27 June 1996, two on 19 July 1996, 17 July 1999, six on 13 July 2002, five on 26 June 2003, fourteen on 26 June 2004 (Dr P Sterling et al).

The following light trap records are believed to have dispersed from moorland to the west of Dorset coincident with a breezy south-west to westerly airflow: Puddletown, on 2 July 2004 (H Wood Homer), Milton-on-Stour, on 1 July 2004 (J Burge).

2192       Mythimna conigera [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] BROWN-LINE BRIGHT-EYE

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on various grass species such as cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata), common couch (Elytrigia repens), meadow grass (Poa spp.) and fescue (Festuca spp.). In Dorset, the moth is common on Portland and frequent very locally on unimproved chalk grassland sites but decreasing; occasional singletons appear in other open habitats but it is virtually absent from woodland. The species has evidently declined since the middle of the last century; “generally distributed and more or less common generally.” (W Parkinson Curtis).

2193       Mythimna ferrago (Fabricius, 1787) CLAY

A widespread species in England and Wales, more local in Scotland, the larva feeding on various grass species such as cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata) and meadow grass (Poa spp.). In Dorset, the moth is common to abundant in deciduous woodland containing wood meadow-grass (Poa humilis), and on unimproved dry grassland where smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) grows. Elsewhere, the moth is frequent.

2194       Mythimna albipuncta [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] WHITE-POINT

An immigrant species observed in the southern and eastern counties of England, the larva feeding on various soft-bladed grass species such as cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata). In Dorset, historically, old records suggest a species that was able to produce a resident second brood following occasional early summer immigrations from western France and Iberia. However, more recently, the moth has been recorded annually since 1989 following a period of absence. By 2003, there was evidence of residency. The graphic for West Bexington depicts nightly trap totals during that season. Although immigration from abroad contributed to these totals on occasions, the continuous nature of the records over time plus the high daily totals indicate a strong resident population in this unimproved grassland coastal locality. The combination of the warm winters of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003, the hot summers of 2003 and 2006, in fact the warming trend as a whole, has likely spurred population expansion across the county to the point where the species appears now to be resident in unimproved grassland habitats along the coastal belt and inland, particularly on chalky soils. This species is often confused with Clay₂₁₉₃. Diagnostics include: the white mark on the forewing is a discrete circular point; less rectangular, shorter wings; the subterminal line is not studded with dots; this species is rarely seen in July, the peak time for Clay.

2195       Mythimna vitellina (Hübner, 1808) DELICATE

An immigrant species observed most often in the southern-most counties of England and very occasionally further north, the larva feeding on various soft-bladed grass species such as cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata). In Dorset, the moth has been recorded in sixteen out of the past twenty-one years. Annual frequency has varied enormously from scarce to abundant with the highest numbers in coastal areas. “This is an insect that is unable to tolerate the climate of these islands, but can manage for a year or two to continue to be tolerable to it, and then if the weather deteriorates it dies out and there is a gap in records till fresh immigration enables it to repeat the process.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). Recent data suggests that many moths are primary immigrants from abroad. Large single peaks on 10 October 1991, 23 May 1992, 19 October 2001, 14 September 2006 occurred on dates when airflows were direct from the Mediterranean; such peaks indicate massive outflows of moths at their point of departure at relatively low latitudes. Small numbers of adults were recorded during the second half of June 1993 at West Bexington and more widely in early June 2007, and with little opportunity for immigration from southerly sources during these two periods, it seems likely that the species managed to overwinter here as direct descendants from the huge numbers in 1992 and 2006. Dark well-marked examples indicate a northern European source whereas relatively unmarked examples are likely to have originated from markedly higher-temperature environments such as that experienced in northern Africa.

2196       Mythimna pudorina [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] STRIPED WAINSCOT

A widespread species in south-east England, otherwise local in the rest of England and Wales, the larva feeding near the ground on various broad-bladed grasses such as common reed (Phragmites australis), hairy wood-rush (Luzula pilosa), purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata) and reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea). In Dorset, the moth is common to abundant among purple moor-grass on wet heaths and mire in the Poole Basin, and at low density in both damp unimproved grassland in the Blackmoor Vale, and in old woodland that has avoided deforestation where hairy wood-rush still grows. Elsewhere it is absent.

2197       Mythimna straminea (Treitschke, 1825) SOUTHERN WAINSCOT

A local species in south-east Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on common reed (Phragmites australis) and reed canary-grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and hiding by day in old hollow reed stems or amongst reed litter. In Dorset, the moth is frequent amongst common reed growing along the coast in shallow water, in brackish estuaries and on wet clay cliffs; it also colonises fens inland in the Poole Basin. Occasionally, dispersed singletons are observed some distance from reed habitat.

2198       Mythimna impura (Hübner, 1808) SMOKY WAINSCOT

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on a wide variety of grasses. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and common, rising to abundant in unimproved grassland, falling to frequent on open heathland. Care is needed in identifying the Smoky Wainscot correctly, as it resembles the Common Wainscot₂₁₉₉. Diagnostics include: darker hindwing; pronounced set of post-median dots; flight period June to September, not May to October. A partial second brood occurs during September.

2199       Mythimna pallens (Linnaeus, 1758) COMMON WAINSCOT

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on a wide variety of grasses including cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata), common couch (Elytrigia repens), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and annual meadow grass (Poa annua). In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common, rising to abundant among arable and unimproved grassland. The national norm is for two overlapping generations between late-June and early October, but in Dorset the first generation is usually on the wing by mid-May and the second over by the end of October. The peak of the second brood is nearly four times larger on average, than that of the peak of the first brood.

 2200       Mythimna favicolor (Barrett 1896) MATHEW'S WAINSCOT      Notable/Nb

A very local species confined to the saltmarshes of south-east England from Hampshire to Suffolk, the larva feeding nocturnally on common saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima). There is some debate as to whether this species is a form of the Common Wainscot₂₁₉₉; Mythimna favicolor is not known from continental Europe. In Dorset, the moth is at low density on muddy shores and at the lower edges of saltmarsh habitat on the landward side of the Fleet and around the periphery of the harbours at Poole and at Christchurch. Occasional dispersed individuals are trapped a few kilometers from core habitat. Two broods are suggested from the limited data available, similar to that of the Common Wainscot₂₁₉₉. The moth is very similar to Common Wainscot as one might expect. Diagnostics include: a smoother less-veined texture to the forewing; a honey-coloured hue; the vicinity of saltmarsh habitat.

 2201       Mythimna litoralis (Curtis, 1827) SHORE WAINSCOT       Notable/Nb

A local species of coastal sandhills in England and Wales plus two sites in Scotland, the larva feeding nocturnally on marram (Ammophila arenaria) and hiding in the sand by day. The moth is reputed to have a protracted emergence period between mid-June and late September. In Dorset, the moth is common to abundant amongst marram growing on the sand dunes facing Studland Bay and frequent in similar habitat both on Brownsea Island and on the northern periphery of Hengistbury Head. "It is a marvellous sight to see L. littoralis darting about in hundreds along the sandhills at a tearing pace: it is utterly impossible to net them except for an occasional lucky chance." (Reverend E Bankes, 29 June 1892). Short distance dispersal of a few kilometers has been noted at Arne and at Iford. The old record from the Chesil suggests that the site supported a colony many years ago; indeed, small quantities of marram in the Ferrybridge area remain to the present day. Marram was locally abundant between Bournemouth and Mudeford in the early part of the twentieth century, but it is now infrequent, and the old Shore Wainscot records from this area too, indicate the presence of strong colonies at that time. Marram, which is an important dune forming plant, is under pressure from human leisure pursuits on Chesil, Studland and Hengistbury Head. Some fencing has been erected to protect the marram on Studland, and such measures will doubtless be beneficial to the Shore Wainscot. It is recommended that conservation agencies responsible for managing reserves containing sand dune habitat, explicitly include this species in their management plans.

 2202       Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus, 1767) L-ALBUM WAINSCOT      Notable/Nb

A local species confined to the south coast of England, the larva feeding nocturnally on various soft-bladed grass species. In Dorset, the moth “was an occasional immigrant to the Purbeck coast, but in the 1930s it became more common and is now well established from Portland to Studland, but for how long remains to be seen.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The moth continues to be found along the Purbeck coast and on Portland where it is usually common. It is also frequent along the west Dorset coast and also along the Purbeck Ridge, but it is at low density further east at Studland and on Hengistbury Head. In addition, over the past ten years records have increased from traps run inland on the chalk belt, for example, Chilfrome, Puddletown and Shapwick. It is likely that the warming trend has caused the range of this moth to expand northwards from the coastal belt onto unimproved chalky grassland habitat inland. The second brood is six times more frequent than the first, on average. No recommendations are proposed given that the species is well established in its coastal grassland habitat and its evident expansion elsewhere.

2203       Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) WHITE-SPECK

An immigrant species observed most often in the southern-most counties of England and Wales, extending inland to central England and very occasionally on the west coast of Scotland, the larva feeding on various grass species. In Dorset, the moth was first recorded at Church Knowle by Reverend E Bankes on 12 October 1891. More recently, it has appeared in almost every season in the past twenty-seven years, and over that time it has been recorded in each month of the year. Annual frequency has varied from occasional to common with the highest numbers in coastal areas, but also occasional records from localities well inland. Records suggest that many White-specks are primary immigrants from abroad. The largest single peaks in 1977, 1989, 1990, 2000 and spectacularly in 2003 occurred on dates when the airflow was direct from Iberia and beyond. It may also be a transitory resident in favourable seasons on coastal grassland, for example between early September and early December at West Bexington in 2000, the moth was trapped on more than fifty per cent of the nights at a rate of two per night, suggesting a transient resident population that year.

2204       Mythimna obsoleta (Hübner, 1803) OBSCURE WAINSCOT

A local species in central and south-east England, and south-east Wales, the larva feeding nocturnally on common reed (Phragmites australis) and hiding by day in old hollow reed stems. In Dorset, the moth is frequent to common in coastal fens at Abbotsbury, Radipole and Lodmoor, and around the harbours at Poole and at Christchurch. Small colonies also occur in fens on the River Piddle and the River Frome near Wareham. Dispersal accounts for examples trapped some distance from known core habitat.

2205       Mythimna comma (Linnaeus, 1761) SHOULDER-STRIPED WAINSCOT

A widespread species in England and Wales, but more local in Scotland, the larva feeding nocturnally on various grasses including cock’s-foot (Dactylus glomerata). In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and frequent to common in unimproved grassland and at low density elsewhere. The following light trap examples are suspected immigrants from Iberia via western France: West Bexington, at MV on 19 October 1997, 20 October 1997 (Dr P Sterling, D Hallett), Gaunts Common, at MV on 14 October 1995 (P Davey).

 2206       Mythimna putrescens (Hübner, 1824) DEVONSHIRE WAINSCOT      Notable/Na

A very local species confined to the coasts of Cornwall, Devon, Pembrokeshire and south-east Wales, the larva feeding nocturnally on various grasses. In Dorset, the moth has been trapped on seven occasions and always on the coast; its occurrence is as a suspected occasional immigrant from continental Europe, but may from time to time become temporarily established on Portland: Portland Bill, at MV light on 17 August 1966 (F Clafton), Portland, on 8 July 1921 (E Waters), at MV light on 25 July 1985 (M Rogers), 28 July 1985, 12 August 1996, 18 August 1996, 22 July 2003, 13 July 2007 (M Cade), Swanage, nectaring on hemp agrimony on 22 August 1922 (E Waters), Bournemouth, on the heath on 26 July 1901 (Major R Robertson).

2208       Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel, 1827) COSMOPOLITAN

An immigrant species observed in southern coastal counties of England, the larva feeding on various grass species. In Dorset, the moth was first seen in 1975 and has been recorded intermittently ever since, mostly in small numbers. Many of those observed are likely to be long-distance immigrants from Iberia and north Africa, particularly those seen in the first half of the year; examples seen later in the year following early influxes are suspected residents. For example, influxes in June 1996, June 2000 and June 2003 backtracked to Iberia and Morocco. Relatively high numbers of moths then appeared subsequently during September and October in each year, and in the cases of 1996 and 2000, westerly airflows limited opportunities for immigration. The final graphic shows dates on which moths were seen in 1992 (red) and in 2000 (brown), illustrating offset brood cycles in each year of approximately three months. The great winter immigration of 2004 yielded two examples, one on 12 February, the second on the following day.

 2209       Mythimna flammea (Curtis, 1828) FLAME WAINSCOT      Notable/Na

A very local species resident in Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Dorset, the larva feeding nocturnally on common reed (Phragmites australis) and hiding by day in old hollow reed stems. In Dorset, the moth is at low density and restricted to the freshwater reedbeds found at Morden Bog and on Brownsea Island plus several of the more brackish and extensive reedbeds around the western edge of Poole Harbour, for example Snag Valley. The species has yet to be observed in reedbed habitat at Abbotsbury, Radipole, Lodmoor, Studland and at Christchurch Harbour. The threats to the Flame Wainscot at Morden Bog are discussed in the account of the Reed Leopard₁₆₀. In Poole Harbour, the moth tends to occupy the drier, landward fringes of the reedbed, especially where the reed spills up-stream into water courses emptying into the harbour, and in these situations the main threat is loss of the reed to scrub. The freshwater and brackish reed beds on Brownsea Island are maintained by cutting the reed and restricting scrub growth. Continued monitoring of known colonies is recommended, and conservation agencies responsible for maintaining reedbed habitat should include this species in their management plans.

The Flame Wainscot rarely wanders far from reedbed habitat, but these light trap examples suggest occasional medium range dispersal or immigration from abroad: Durlston, a male on 17 May 1964 (R Fairclough), Gaunts Common, at MV on 24 May 1989 (P Davey).