2297       Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758) COPPER UNDERWING

A species found widely across southern Britain but largely absent further north, the larva feeding on various deciduous shrub and tree species. In Dorset, the moth is at low density, rising to frequent locally in deciduous woods. There are very few records from open grassland habitat either inland or on the coast.

2298       Amphipyra berbera (Rungs, 1949) SVENSSON'S COPPER UNDERWING

A species restricted to southern England and south Wales, local elsewhere, the larva feeding on various deciduous shrub and tree species. In Dorset, the moth is at low density, rising to frequent locally in deciduous woodland. Of more than two hundred ‘Copper Underwings’ trapped at Puddletown between 1999 and 2002, sixty per cent referred to the Copper Underwing₂₂₉₇ and forty per cent were of this moth. Both species are readily attracted to sugar bait. This species is very similar to the Copper Underwing. Diagnostics include: orbicular stigmata oval, not circular and usually greater than 1mm in width; hindwing underside has copper flush extending right across lower half of wing and copper colour does not truncate at postmedian line; the black tips of the two lowest adjacent chevrons on antemedian line form an acute angle to basal edge of forewing, not a right angle; general forewing colours lack contrast.

2299       Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck, 1759) MOUSE

A species occurring throughout Britain, the larva feeding on hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), sallow (Salix spp.) and various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is at low density, ubiquitous and more frequently observed at sugar bait than at light traps, although it seems to have declined in recent years. Unusually high numbers of adults were trapped in the last few days of July 1995 (see graphic), and immigration from north-east France or sources further east in northern Europe is suspected on this occasion. Unusually high numbers of Least Yellow Underwing₂₁₁₂ moths were also recorded at this time. Relatively high numbers were also noted in 1992 and 1994 at light traps. Maximum counts recorded in 1992, 1994 and 1995 are as follows: West Bexington, fifteen on 6 August 1994, sixty-six on 30 July 1995 (R Eden), Fontmell Down, eighteen on 30 July 1995 (P Davey), St Albans Head, seventeen on 7 August 1992 (P Davey), Durlston, twenty-one on 7 August 1992 (P Davey).

2300       Mormo maura (Linnaeus, 1758) OLD LADY

A local species in England and Wales, rare in Scotland, the larva is polyphagous. In Dorset, this large moth is local and probably under-recorded due to the moth’s reluctance to visit light traps although actinic traps are apparently more successful, and, like the preceding species, sugar bait attracts well. “In my experience, very local and with a marked preference for the neighbourhood of water.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). There are several records of the species found by day in sheds, under bridges, in houses, in fact anywhere that affords shade. There is just one larval record: Bloxworth Heath, final instar larva head down along currant stem; several stalks, no leaf parts left on 1 May 2006 (P Davey).

2301       Dypterygia scabriuscula (Linnaeus, 1758) BIRD'S WING

A species restricted to south-east England and the West Midlands, the larva feeding on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density being restricted to sandy soils across the Poole Basin, and to a lesser extent to the London Beds that wrap around the Bagshot Beds. Roughly forty per-cent of the county total has been caught at Arne Wood, a damp deciduous woodland locality on sandy soil, although the moth is also regularly reported from the relatively open landscape at Hengistbury Head too.

2302       Rusina ferruginea (Esper, 1785) BROWN RUSTIC

A species occurring throughout Britain, the polyphagous larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth ranges from locally common in deciduous woodland, to rare in tree-less habitat; it seems to have no geological preference.

2303       Thalpophila matura (Hufnagel, 1766) STRAW UNDERWING

A species restricted to lowland England and coastal districts in Scotland, the larva feeding nocturnally on various grasses. In Dorset, the moth is a denizen of unimproved grassland and ranges from common on chalky soils to locally frequent on neutral or acid soils. Elsewhere it is rare.

2304       Trachea atriplicis (Linnaeus, 1758) ORACHE

A resident species in the Channel Islands since the 1980s, resident within the fenland region of East Anglia until 1915, and noted as a rare immigrant to south-eastern England subsequently, the larva feeding on orache (Atriplex spp.), goosefoot (Chenopodium spp.) and other herbaceous plants. This handsome and very rare visitor has been seen on nine occasions, mostly close to the coast: West Bexington, on 19 July 2006 (R Eden), Abbotsbury, floating in a small stream, then fluttered to the opposite bank and was lost, end of July 1938 (A Sperring), Marshwood, at MV on 28 July 2004 (Mrs J Baker), Upwey, at MV on 31 July 2003 (P Harris), Portland, at MV on 20 June 1998, 19 July 2003, 5 July 2006 (M Cade), Durlston, 25 July 2006 (P Davey), Iford, at MV on 30 July 1995 (M Jeffes).

2305       Euplexia lucipara (Linnaeus, 1758) SMALL ANGLE SHADES

A widespread species in Britain, the polyphagous larva feeding nocturnally on various shrubs and plants with a preference for bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and ferns (Dryopteris filix-mas agg.). In Dorset, the moth is frequent in deciduous woodland, especially those rich in birch and sallow, and in woods and on dry heaths where bracken is dominant. Elsewhere it is at low density. Although the moth is single brooded in the UK, a partial second brood is suspected during August and early September.  

2306       Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) ANGLE SHADES

A widespread species in Britain, the polyphagous larva feeding on a wide variety of deciduous trees, shrubs and plants. In Dorset, this unmistakable moth has been observed in every month of the year, and is ubiquitous and common to abundant. The moth is evidently double-brooded in the county, but influxes of immigrants originating from abroad where the moth is polyvoltine, tend to mask the indigenous brood cycles. Annual light trap totals vary due to the magnitude of immigration in any given year, and highest nightly counts tend to be from coastal localities between mid-September and mid-October as immigrants swell resident populations.

2308       Callopistria juventina (Stoll, 1782) LATIN

A central and southern European species that frequents damp woods on sandy soils. It occurs in northern Spain and in France as far north as 48ºN, the larva feeding on bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). This exotic species was new to Britain in 1959 when a moth was trapped in Sussex. It appeared again in Kent in 1962 and then on Guernsey in 1995. In Dorset, the following example, a female, was one of many rare immigrant species to be trapped at the time, and duly laid several eggs that turned out to be fertile: Higher Hyde, at MV on 7 July 2001 (Dr P Sterling et al). Dr P Sterling successfully reared the larvae on a diet of new bracken shoots.

2311       Ipimorpha retusa (Linnaeus, 1761) DOUBLE KIDNEY

A local species in southern and western England and Wales, the larva feeding on sallow and willow (Salix spp.). In Dorset the moth is local and at low density within sallow-rich wetland habitat including river valleys, swamps, fens, marshes, mires, damp heath and ditches. The following record testifies to its affinity with water: Parley Common, flying commonly over ditches near the surface of the water (S Scarsdale Brown). This example was trapped on a very late date amidst much immigrant activity: Bere Regis, at MV light on 12 October 1995 (S Barrett).

2312       Ipimorpha subtusa [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] OLIVE

A local species in England, Wales and parts of Scotland, the larva feeding on poplar (Populus spp.). In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density as poplar is a rarely planted tree in the county. It is frequent on the Moors River at Hurn where there is a grove of mature black poplar (Populus nigra) trees; half of the county tally has been recorded from this single site.

Dispersal some distance from the poplar is likely to account for the following examples: West Bexington, on 19 August 1998, 3 August, 6 August, 8 August, and 9 August 2000 (R Eden), Portland, on 20 July 1994, 23 July 1995 (M Cade), Puddletown, on 22 July 2000, 29 July 2004 (H Wood Homer), St Albans Head, on 7 August 1992 (P Davey), Shaggs, on 6 August 2002, 4 August 2003 (M Parsons), Trigon Heath, on 18 July 1999 (C Manley, et al), Trigon, on 1 August 2000 (C Manley), Gore Heath, on 12 July 1999 (P Davey), Arne Wood, on 16 July 1987 (B Pickess), Ballard Down, on 4 August 2000 (C Manley).

2313       Enargia paleacea (Esper, 1788) ANGLE-STRIPED SALLOW     Notable/Nb

A local species in Britain found in northern England and northern Scotland, the larva feeding on birch (Betula spp.). The moth is resident in southern Scandinavia, Denmark and Holland. In occurs also in eastern Belgium and in eastern France where it is chiefly an upland or montaine species. In Dorset, the moth has been recorded on six occasions: West Bexington, 24 August 2007 (R Eden), Iwerne Minster, on 30 August 1968 (H Moore), Portland, on 30 July 1991 (M Cade), Stoborough, on 28 July 1984 (B Withers), Slepe Heath, on 18 July 1982 (D Brown), Arne Wood, on 18 July 1982, 18 September 1982 (B Pickess). All are likely to have been immigrants from abroad: Scandinavia for the 1968, 1982 and 2007 examples, and central or northern Europe for the 1984 and 1991 moths.

2268       Parastichtis suspecta (Hübner, 1817) SUSPECTED

A local species in Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on birch (Betula spp.) and on sallow (Salix spp.). In Dorset, the moth is restricted to birch-rich localities particularly in deciduous woodland where the moth is frequent, but also in more open habitat on heathland. The moth has no preference for soil type; the presence of birch seems to be the over-riding factor. The national norm is a single brood in late-July and August, but in Dorset the moth appears in early July and is all but gone by the middle of August. The following individuals were trapped late in the year coinciding with high immigrant activity: Arne, two on 11 October and two on 12 October 1995 (B Pickess).

2314       Parastichtis ypsillon (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775 DINGY SHEARS

A local species in Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on willow (Salix spp.) and poplar (Populus spp.). In Dorset, the moth is at low density and typically colonises river valleys where willows and poplars grow. There is no indication that the species inhabits sallow-rich heathland localities, for example, there is just one record in twenty-five years of trapping at Arne, a dispersed singleton trapped at the peak of the 1976 heatwave.

2316       Cosmia affinis (Linnaeus, 1767) LESSER-SPOTTED PINION

A local and declining species in southern Britain, the larva feeding on elm (Ulmus spp.). In Dorset, the last resident moth was seen more than thirty years ago at the time when all mature elms across the county were beginning to succumb to the Dutch elm disease. It may still hang on at very low density in one or two localities, for example Warre Wood, see below, however its decline nationally suggests otherwise. All county records follow: Charmouth, (WDL), Sherborne, (Dale), Glanvilles Wootton, (Dale), Upwey, at MV on 19 July 64 (Brigadier H Warry), Warre Wood, at MV on 23 August 2003, female on 14 August 2004 (D Foot, Dr P Sterling), Portland, (C Partridge), Iwerne Minster, at MV on 25 August 1954, two on 10 August 1956, 5 September 1959, 29 July 1960, 24 July 1964, 4 August 1966, 10 August 1966, 21 August 1966, 28 July 1967, 24 August 1968, 26 August 1968, 30 August 1968 (H Moore), Chamberlaynes, at light on 10 August 1929, at sugar bait on 14 July 1935 (H Andrewes), Bloxworth, a few bred (O Pickard Cambridge), (W Parkinson Curtis), Spettisbury, (S Scarsdale Brown), Furzebrook, at MV on 16 August 1973 (Professor N Webb), Badbury Rings, (W Parkinson Curtis), Corfe Castle, (Reverend E Bankes), Pamphill, (W Parkinson Curtis), Hamworthy, (W Parkinson Curtis, E Curtis), Poole, (W Parkinson Curtis), Canford, at MV on 18 July 1953 (A Kennard), Studland, (Reverend C Digby), Scar Bank, at light on 29 July 1934, 8 August 1934, 1 August 1935, three on 25 July 1952 (A Russell), Sandbanks, (W Parkinson Curtis), Cranborne, plentiful (F Fisher), Kinson, (S Scarsdale Brown), Bournemouth, fairly common (Fassnidge).

The following examples were trapped more recently amidst immigrant activity: Upwey, 19 August 2002 (P Harris), Portland, on 2 August 1995, 3 August 2003 (M Cade), Preston, on 9 August 2003 (M Forster), Durlston, on 7 August 2003 (J McGill), Hurn, on 2 August 2001 (M Jeffes); northern France is a potential source on each occasion.

2317       Cosmia diffinis (Linnaeus, 1767) WHITE-SPOTTED PINION     Notable/Na

A rare and declining species in southern Britain, the larva feeding on the sucker shoots growing out of the trunks of mature elm (Ulmus spp.). In Dorset, the last moth was seen nearly thirty years ago at a time when mature elms across the county were beginning to die from Dutch elm disease. It is very doubtful that the species is still resident in the county. In the absence of any initiative to restock the countryside with disease resistant elm, no recommendations are proposed: Charmouth, (Dale), Glanvilles Wootton, (Dale), Sutton Poyntz (R Stewart), Dorchester, at MV light on 7 September 1962 (Dr J Hasler), Kington Magna, at MV light on 2 September 1954 (H Moore), Winfrith, (Dr F Haines), Cranborne, (F Fisher), Furzebrook, at MV light on 3 and 16 August 1975, 9 and 14 August 1976 (Professor N Webb), Bournemouth, fairly common (Fassnidge).

2318       Cosmia trapezina (Linnaeus, 1758) DUN-BAR

A local species in Britain, the cannabilistic larva feeding nocturnally on various tree and shrub species, and on other caterpillars. In Dorset, the moth is common in old oak/birch woodland, frequent in deciduous woods and among scrub and at low density elsewhere. “It is one of the few moths that is partial to the blossom of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa).” (W Parkinson Curtis ms).

2319       Cosmia pyralina [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] LUNAR-SPOTTED PINION

A local species that is restricted to south-east Britain, the larva feeding on the leaves of elm (Ulmus spp.) and less often on other deciduous tree species. In Dorset, the moth is local, and unlike its elm-feeding cousins, has managed to survive the Dutch elm disease epidemic. This may be because the species colonises elm growing as hedgerow and as young trees that develop infectable corky bark only when they mature, so the disease passes them by in the early stages of their growth. Distinct colonies have been discovered over recent years at Holnest, Alners Gorse, Woolland, Povington Wood, Tatton Coppice, Motcombe, Gillingham, Shapwick and Gaunts Common. The moth together with Lesser-spotted Pinion₂₃₁₆ and White-spotted Pinion₂₃₁₇, was present about fifty years ago in coastal suburban areas in vice county 11, although it was rated as uncommon. This species is similar to Lesser-spotted Pinion₂₃₁₆. Diagnostics include: cross-lines are black with minimal white, not solely white; the bend in main outer crossline is curved, not right-angled; ground colour reddish, not tawny or brown.

2321       Apamea onoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766) DARK ARCHES

An abundant species in south-east Britain falling to frequent in the north-west, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of various grasses. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common, increasing to abundant in dry unimproved grassland habitat. “I have never been anywhere in the county, at a suitable time, without seeing this insect.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The moth is on the wing over a protracted period between late May and early September. The following moths trapped during the autumn are partial second generation examples observed mainly at the end of warm summers: Walditch, 29 October 2006 (M Parsons), West Bexington, at MV on 5 October 1991, 1 October 2002, 6 October 2003, 6 November 2003, 18 November 2006 (R Eden), 18 October 1997, 20 October 1997 (Dr P Sterling, D Hallett), Lyons Gate, on 5 October 2005 (T Box), Puddletown, on 14 December 2003 (H Wood Homer), Iwerne Minster, at MV on 25 October 1962 (H Moore), Furzebrook, at MV on 6 October 1972 (Professor N Webb), Swanage, on 11 October 2006 (R Cox), Gaunts Common, at MV on 8 October 1991 (P Davey), St Ives, at MV on 3 October 1988 (Dr J Clarke), Hengistbury Head, at MV on 17 October 1997 (M Jeffes).

2322       Apamea lithoxylaea [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] LIGHT ARCHES

A lowland species in Britain, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of various grasses. In Dorset, the moth is common on dry unimproved grassland, and at low density to frequent elsewhere. It is usually on the wing between mid-June and mid-July, but a partial second brood occurs from mid-August in warmer than average summers such as 1975, 1995, 1996 and 2003.

2323       Apamea sublustris (Esper, 1788) REDDISH LIGHT ARCHES

A species confined mainly to south-east England where it is local, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of various grasses. In Dorset, the moth occurs in two biotypes. On unimproved chalky grassland it is local and rarely common; for example there is a strong colony at Durlston but there have been no recent records from Portland. Singletons encountered in the Poole Basin suggest colonisation of acid grassland, but in these situations it is rare. Dispersed singletons occasionally turn up elsewhere. The moth is similar to Light Arches₂₃₂₂. Diagnostics include: a tawny ground colour, not straw-coloured; an almost continuous sub-terminal line bounded by short black streaks, not dots; a squarer moth more akin to a Clouded-bordered Brindle₂₃₂₆, less like a Pale Pinion₂₂₃₆; tawny-coloured thorax.

2325       Apamea oblonga (Haworth, 1809) CRESCENT STRIPED     Notable/Nb

A local coastal species mainly restricted to south-east Britain, the larva feeding on the roots and stem bases of common saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima). In Dorset, the moth is rare and at low density, occurring exclusively on the shores within Poole Harbour. It occasionally wanders several kilometers inland from its saltmarsh sanctuary. Historically the moth appears to have colonised saltmarsh habitat on the Fleet where the foodplant survives to this day albeit in marginally fewer sites, but the moth has been seen just once in over one hundred years: Portland, at MV on 21 August 2004 (M Cade) amidst much immigrant activity. The human pressures on Poole Harbour today are immense with increased leisure pursuits, boat traffic and the accompanying problems of erosion and pollution. The threats to saltmarsh habitat and therefore the host foodplant have probably never been more acute. It is recommended that the various conservation agencies that manage saltmarsh habitat include this species in their management plans. All Dorset records follow: Chesil Beach, at sugar along the railway near the black hut on 6 August 1890 (Reverend E Bankes), Lodmoor, (Dale), Portland, two larvae in 1888 (C Partridge), Pennsylvania, on 1 August 1890 (H Vivian), Hamworthy, on 2 August 1901 (E Curtis), on 12 July 1908 (W Parkinson Curtis), Stoborough, at MV on 21 July 1980 (B Withers), Slepe Heath, two on 26 July 1984 (D Brown), Holton Heath Marsh, four at MV on 6 August 1997 (P Davey), The Triangle, three on 25 July 1984 (B Withers), Arne Wood, on 5 August, 1979, two at MV on 21 July, 24 July, three on 25 July, three on 26 July, 27 July, three on 28 July, three on 29 July and 1 August 1984 (B Pickess), Arne Heath, at MV on 22 July 1996 (P Davey), Patchins Point, at MV on 29 July 2002 (C Manley), Studland, at MV on 20 July 1982 (A Bromby), Brownsea Island, at MV on 6 July and 21 July 1966, two on 19 July 1967, 22 July 1985 (A Bromby), Lilliput, at MV on 20 July 1996, 15 July 1997 (A Bromby).

2326       Apamea crenata (Hufnagel, 1766) CLOUDED-BORDERED BRINDLE

A generally distributed species in Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on the flowers and immature seeds and later the foliage of various grass species. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and generally at low density, but although locally frequent in the vicinity of deciduous woodland, where for example false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and wood meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis) are potential host plants, it is rare on coastal grassland and on heathland. In Dorset, the moth is usually on the wing between early May and early July, but a partial second generation occurs occasionally during August. The moth has two basic forms; the darker of these two (see photo) is known as ab. combusta.

2327       Apamea epomidion (Haworth, 1809) CLOUDED BRINDLE

A local woodland species in England and Wales, the larva feeding nocturnally on the flowers and immature seeds and later the foliage of various grass species. In Dorset, the moth is locally common in deciduous woodland on chalky soils and frequent in similar habitat on clay soils; wood melick (Melica uniflora), wood millet (Milium effusum), false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and wood meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis) are potential food plants in these places. It is rare on sandy soil and in grassland. This species resembles Clouded-bordered Brindle₂₃₂₆.  Dianostics include: forewing broader; the basal streak is well developed but the dorsal streak isn’t, in Clouded-bordered Brindle, the opposite is true; apex more rounded.

2330       Apamea remissa (Hübner, 1809) DUSKY BROCADE

A species with a wide distribution in Britain, the larva feeding on various grasses. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and ranges from locally common on unimproved grassland on clay and chalky soils, to frequent on grassland and pasture on sandy soil. The moth is at low density away from grassland. The following moths trapped from mid-August are likely to indicate a second generation: West Bexington, on 19 August 1996 (R Eden), Gillingham, 10 August 2003 (G Hopkins), Ashington, on 18 August 1986, 28 August 1988, 18 August 1991 (JF), Durlston, on 13 August 1991 (P Davey), Hurn, 11 August 2005 (M Jeffes), Matchams, on 23 August 1982, 17 August 1984 (G Le Pard).

2331       Apamea unaminis (Hübner, 1813) SMALL CLOUDED BRINDLE

A species of wetland occurring locally across all but the far north of Britain, the larva feeding on reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and sedge (Carex spp.). In Dorset, the moth is local, at low density and strictly associated with river, fen and marsh habitat. It has been found on most of the county’s river systems, harbours and lagoons, in fact wherever its foodplants occur.

2333       Apamea anceps [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] LARGE NUTMEG

A declining species restricted mainly to south-east Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on the flowers and immature seeds and later the foliage of various grass species. In Dorset, the moth has declined to the point of extinction with just a handful of resident records in the past ten years, notably from West Blagdon which is in the vicinity of Martin Down. This contrasts markedly with its “local, but locally frequent” (W Parkinson Curtis ms) status nearly fifty years ago. The moth depends on unimproved dry chalky grassland, and the wholesale improvement and thus destruction of this habitat seems to have all but wiped out this species. All Dorset records follow: Sherborne, (Dale), Chesil Beach, (J Bradley, D Fletcher), Dorchester, at light on 19 June 1950, two at light on 13 June 1952 (Dr A Lisney), Portland, not scarce (C Partridge), common (N Richardson), Milton Abbey, (O Leigh Wood), Chamberlaynes, at light on 11 June 1929 and on 1 July 1929, at honeycomb on 19, two on 20, 21, two on 26 June and on 1 July 1936 (H Andrewes), Bloxworth, (O Pickard Cambridge), (W Parkinson Curtis), Iwerne Minster, at MV on 21 June 1955, three between 18 June and 6 July 1956, 24, 27 June and 4 July 58, four between 14 June 1959 and 25 June 1959, 18 June and 25 July 1960, 21 May 1961, (H Moore), Blandford, (S Scarsdale Brown), Gussage St Michael, (Reverend J Ward), Scar Bank, at light on 21 May 1936, 28 May 1948, 18 June 1949 (A Russell), Cranborne, tolerably common (Reverend F Fisher), Woolland, at MV on 28 June 1997 (P Benham), West Blagdon, at MV on 22 July 2003, two on 4, four on 5, and three on 6 June 2004 (D Green), Highcliffe, two (B Barton coll.).

The following individuals were trapped at times of migrant activity: West Bexington, on 29 May 2005, 2 July and 5 July 2006 (R Eden), Chilfrome, on 10 June 2007 (Mrs S Philp), Portland, on 2 July 1994 (M Cade), Broadcroft Quarry, three on 24 June 2006 (P Butter et al), Preston, on 29 June 2006 (M Forster), Puddletown, on 31 May 2003 (Hugo Wood Homer), Kingston, 18 June 2005 (P Benham), Durlston, 10 June 2006 (P Davey), Hurn, on 22 June 2000 (M Jeffes).

2334       Apamea sordens (Hufnagel, 1766) RUSTIC SHOULDER-KNOT

A species of grassland, more frequent in the east of Britain that the west, the larva feeding on various soft-bladed grass species. In Dorset, the moth is common on undercliff grassland on Portland and locally frequent on unimproved grassland on chalky soils throughout. The moth is also frequent in garden habitat in Poole. In all these situations the host plants are likely to be common couch (Elytrigia repens) and cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata). Elsewhere, the moth is rare and is virtually absent from heathland and core woodland. The species has evidently declined on Purbeck and on Portland due to the overall improvement and loss of coastal grassland; its status historically was assessed as abundant in both regions. An unusually dark melanistic specimen, possibly ab unicolor, was trapped at Scar Bank by A Russell.

2335       Apamea scolopacina (Esper, 1788) SLENDER BRINDLE

A local species in southern Britain, the larva feeding inside the stems and then nocturnally on the blades and flowers of various woodland grass species. In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density in old woodland on sandy and chalky soil where false brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum) and wood meadow-grass (Poa nemoralis) grow. In Oakers Wood and Powerstock Common, good stocks of wood-rush (Luzula spp.) may account for the relatively high numbers of moths trapped there. It is also common very locally in old woodland on chalky soil in the north-east of the county where wood melick (Melica uniflora) and wood millet (Milium effusum) grow alongside false brome and wood meadow-grass.

2336       Apamea ophiogramma (Esper, 1793) DOUBLE LOBED

A local wetland species found as far north as southern Scotland, the larva feeding inside the stems of reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima). In Dorset, the moth shares the same habitat and has a similar density to that of Small Clouded Brindle₂₃₃₁. It is therefore local and strictly associated with river, fen and marsh habitat, being found on most of the county’s river systems plus all the county’s harbours and lagoons. The following records refer to dispersed individuals: Portland, at MV light on 10 July 1999, 23 June 2003, 11 July 2004 (M Cade). The following examples were trapped on the coast at times of immigration: Ringstead, on 14 July 2003 (D Foot et al), St Albans Head, two on 7 August 1992 (P Davey), Durlston, on 26 June 2003 (P Davey).

2337       Oligia strigilis (Linnaeus, 1758) MARBLED MINOR

A widespread species in England and Wales, more local in Scotland, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of common couch (Elytrigia repens) and cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata). In Dorset, the moth is common in unimproved grassland, arable, garden and verge habitat. It ranges from locally abundant in undercliff situations on the coast and on unimproved grassland on chalky soils inland, to rare on heathland. The moth is single brooded between mid-May and early July, however, in Dorset, a partial second brood has been noted from late July and into August in eleven of the past twenty years. Of the three similarly-marked ‘Minors’ this is the most common, and ideally should be determined via dissection. Diagnostics include: a deeply indented basal part of the post-median fascia; the species having the most contrast, usually.

2338       Oligia versicolor (Borkhausen 1792) RUFOUS MINOR

A local species in England, Wales and southern Scotland, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) and other grasses. In Dorset, the moth ranges from rare on sandy soil to common on chalky soils. It is equally common on unimproved grassland, scrub or grassy rides in open woodland on chalky soils. The species has also been found in river and fen habitat, notably on the River Frome, the River Piddle and on Bere Stream. In this wetland habitat, reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and reed sweet-grass (Glyceria maxima) may be host food-plants. It is largely absent from heathland. Diagnostics include: a vinous-red colouration on the central band of the forewing; orbicular and reniform stigmata pale and distinct against the plum-coloured median band.

2339       Oligia latruncula [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] TAWNY MARBLED MINOR

A common lowland species in England and Wales, becoming more local in Scotland, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) and other grasses. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and frequent, and occupies most habitats apart from heathland. It is common on unimproved grassland, and is frequent in woodland containing open grassy rides. Of the three closely related ‘Minors’, this is the most widespread. Diagnostics include: the darkest ‘Minor’; a brassy or coppery sheen across the forewing; orbicular and reniform stigmata indistinct.

2340       Oligia fasciuncula (Haworth, 1809) MIDDLE-BARRED MINOR

A species found widely across Britain, the larva feeding nocturnally on the blades of various grasses, especially those of tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa). In Dorset, the moth is widespread and at low density. It is frequent in damp woodland and in the vicinity of river valleys, fens and marshes where reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is the suspected foodplant of choice. It is rare in dry habitat such as heathland and grassland. Records from localities such as St Albans Head and Lyscombe Hill plus regular garden records from Poole suggest common couch (Elytrigia repens) and cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata) as potential host plants. The moth is single brooded in June and July in the UK, but in Dorset the main generation occurs between late-May and early July, and a partial second brood has been noted from late July and into August in roughly half of the past twenty-five years.

2341       Mesoligia furuncula [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775]   CLOAKED MINOR

A species occurring most frequently in south-eastern Britain, but rare in northern Britain, the larva feeding on the inner stems of various grasses including tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and false oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius). In Dorset, the moth occurs in a variety of different habitats. It is common on unimproved grassland on clay soils and chalk downland, and locally abundant on coastal undercliff; in these situations, tall fescue and false oat-grass are probable foodplants. It is at low density in dune habitat at Studland, Brownsea Island and Hengistbury Head where lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius) or sand couch (Elytrigia juncea) may host the moth. It is also at low density in river, fen, marsh, lagoon and harbour habitat suggesting reed-canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as the host plant in these damper places. The national norm of a single brood between late-July and early September holds true for Dorset, but a partial first brood in June is also indicated by the records.

2342       Mesoligia literosa (Haworth, 1809) ROSY MINOR

A common coastal species in Britain, less frequent inland, the larva feeding on the roots and stems of a wide variety of grasses including cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata), lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius) and glaucous sedge (Carex flacca). In Dorset, the moth occurs in a variety of different habitats. It colonises unimproved grassland both on the coast, where it is common and on chalky soils inland where it is at low density. Singletons from a number of locations across the Poole Basin suggest limited colonisation of heathland or dispersal from the coast. Larvae have been found eating the flowers of stinking iris (Iris foetidissima) on the coast. In addition to the usual single brood between mid-July and mid-August, a number of June records indicate a partial first brood. The following moths were either second brood residents or, given the deep-source southerly airflow at the time, immigrants from western France or Iberia: Durlston, two at MV on 23 October 1996 (P Davey).

2343       Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758) COMMON RUSTIC

An abundant species over much of Britain, the larva feeding on the inner parts of various grass species including cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and cereal crops. In Dorset, this highly variable moth is common to abundant everywhere and seems to have no ecological preference. The national norm is a single brood in July and August. In Dorset moths have been seen as early as the end of May and as late as the middle of October, suggesting an occasional bivoltine cycle. There are three ‘Common Rustics’, this one, the Lesser Common Rustic_2343.1, and the Remm’s Rustic_2343.2. There is some debate over whether the latter species is indeed a distinct species or just a hybrid of the other two. All three can only be separated with certainty via dissection.

2343.1   Mesapamea didyma (Esper, 1788) LESSER COMMON RUSTIC

This species was separated from the Common Rustic₂₃₄₃ about twenty years ago, and as mentioned above, may only be differentiated with certainty by dissection. This has only been done for two specimens trapped on Portland, and therefore the status of the moth across the county is unknown. The species has a similar life cycle, range and diet to its close relative, and is likely to have an equivalent common and ubiquitous status in the county.

2345       Photedes minima (Haworth, 1809) SMALL DOTTED BUFF

A species found across much of Britain, the larva feeding on the inner parts of tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa). In Dorset, the moth is abundant in old grassland on ill-drained clay soil in the Blackmoor Vale. It is frequent in marsh and in open woodland on clay soils, and on dry unimproved grassland. There are very few records from heathland blocks within the Poole Basin.                        

2346       Chortodes morrisii (Dale, 1837) MORRIS'S WAINSCOT     RDB1

This species is resident in Britain only along a relatively short stretch of coast between south-east Devon and south-west Dorset, the larva feeding internally on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). The first British moth was discovered by F Morris at Charmouth in 1837. In Dorset, it is restricted to landslip habitat on lias soils along a ten-kilometer stretch between Lyme Regis and Eype where it is common very locally amongst dense tall fescue. Landslip comprising jurassic and wealden clay on Portland and on Purbeck bear close resemblance to the Charmouth habitat, but searches at West Weare and at Chapman’s Pool have failed to locate any colonies. However, the nineteenth century Church Ope Cove record suggests colonisation of landslip habitat on Portland in the past: Church Ope Cove, on 10 July 1888 (Mrs N Richardson, DNHAFC 17:156). On the continent, Morris’s Wainscot has been found in a single locality on the north French coast, on certain Baltic islands and in eastern Austria. Bond’s Wainscot, considered to be a sub-species of Morris’s Wainscot occurs at the Warren in Kent. Continued monitoring of this moth is recommended and collectors should refrain from taking specimens. Habitat management recommendations are inappropriate for landslip sites, suffice it to say that the continuous nature of the process of landslip at the site should continue to provide optimum habitat for this important and rare species. However, explicit reference to it should be made in management plans for the reserves that host this species.

2349       Chortodes fluxa (Hübner, 1809) MERE WAINSCOT     Notable/Nb

A local species of fenland in England, the larva feeding on the inner parts of wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epigejos). In Dorset, the moth is common very locally on sheltered old grassland or in woodland on ill-drained clay soils. The majority of sites are in the centre and in the west of the county, and all host varying amounts of wood small-reed. It is recommended that the species is included in habitat management plans for the Rooksmoor, Powerstock Common and Bracketts Coppice sites, respectively.

All resident records (mainly light trap) follow: Studland Wood, at sugar on 9 July 1937 (A Russell), Charmouth, on 1 July 1995 (Dr J Clarke), Bracketts Coppice, three on 25 July 1997 (P Davey), Clifton Wood, eighteen on 14 July 2004 (P Butter, P Davey, J Astley), Drakenorth, two on 29 June 1997 (P Davey), Powerstock Common, thirty on 20 July 1996 (R Cook, J Chainey), on 27 July 1997 (D Foot, M Forster), on 21 July 2000 (R Cook et al), on 1 July 2001 (R Cook, D Humpreys), on 11 August 2001 (M Forster et al), two on 29 June 2004 (N Croton, P Davey), twenty on 24 July 2004 (P Davey), Rooksmoor, sixty-two on 23 July 1997 and one on 7 August 1998 (P Davey), seven on 13 July 2003 (C Manley, P Davey), Melcombe Park, twenty on 25 July 2004, two on 1 August 2004 (Hugo Wood Homer), Woolland, on 1 August 1997 (P Benham).

 The following light trap examples are suspected immigrants from the Continent: Scar Bank, on 27 July 1948 (A Russell), West Bexington, on 10 July 1995 (R Eden), Warre Wood, on 5 August 2004 (Dr P Sterling), Upwey, 30 July 2001 (P Harris), Portland, on 29 July 1991, three on 5 August 1996, 26 June 2001, 28 July 2006 (M Cade), Forston, on 5 August 2004 (Dr P Sterling), Puddletown, on 28 July 2004 (Hugo Wood Homer), Oakers Wood, on 1 July 1994 (P Davey).

2350       Chortodes pygmina (Haworth, 1809) SMALL WAINSCOT

A widespread species in Britain, the larva feeding on the inner parts of various grasses, sedges and rushes. In Dorset, the moth is local and confined to marsh and fen habitat where it is generally at low density. However, exceptions are: Whiteway Fen where rush-rich fens surround emerging chalk springs, and among the herb-rich water meadow at Burton; in these places the moth is common. A partial second brood is suspected during the early autumn with the following the latest dated record for the moth: Powerstock Common, at MV on 7 November 2004 (P Davey).

The following are likely to have been dispersed examples: Portland, at MV on 16 and 17 August 1997, 25 August 2001 (M Cade).

2352       Eremobia ochroleuca [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] DUSKY SALLOW

A species restricted to south-east Britain, the larva feeding on the flowers and seeds of common couch (Elytrigia repens) and cock’s-foot (Dactylis glomerata). In Dorset, the moth seems to be increasing in unimproved grassland habitat generally following lean times more than fifty years ago. It is locally common along the coast and locally abundant on chalky soils inland. In such places, it is a highly visible species during the day as it rests on the flower heads of knapweed (Centaurea spp.) or field scabious (Knautia arvensis). There are more than forty light trap records across the Poole Basin on sandy soil, and dispersal is suspected for many of them.

2353       Luperina testacea [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775]        FLOUNCED RUSTIC

A common grassland species in England and Wales, more local in Scotland, the larva feeding on the lower stems and roots of grasses. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common to abundant especially on unimproved grassland. “As a list of localities would be a county gazetteer, I will confine myself to expressing the opinion that there is no place, where the larva can find food, that the insect does not occur. It is immensely abundant, and my two friends, H Andrewes and A Russell have offered me the insect by the thousand, or the lb., whenever I liked to take them out of their light traps.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms).

2355       Luperina dumerilii (Duponchel, 1827) DUMERIL'S RUSTIC

This species has been noted some thirty-five times in Britain, the larva is reputed to feed on the roots of grasses. It occurs across much of southern, central and eastern Europe and also southern Scandinavia. The moth has been seen ten times in Dorset, all from coastal localities and eight of them from Portland. The status of the moth is therefore best described as a rare immigrant and suspected transitory resident: Portland, one in 1858, three in 1859 (W Farren), one at light, another at the lighthouse in 1858 (A Sealey), on 22 September 1938 (G Ford), Scar Bank, at light on 18 September 1949 (A Russell), Eypes Mouth, at MV on 31 August 1992 (J Reid), Portland, at MV on 14 September 1996 (M Cade).

2358       Amphipoea fucosa (Freyer, 1830) SALTERN EAR

A predominantly coastal saltern and dune species in Britain, the larva feeding on the roots and stem bases of grasses. In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density, confined to coastal marsh, fen and saltern habitat. It is recorded regularly from the Fleet, Radipole, Lodmoor, Poole Harbour and Christchurch Harbour. Many examples trapped inland, suggest that the moth undertakes short to medium-range dispersal occasionally.

2360       Amphipoea oculea (Linnaeus, 1761) EAR

A species found most often in south-east Britain, more local elsewhere, the larva feeding on the roots and stem bases of grasses. In Dorset, the moth is local at low density, rising to frequent very locally in damp woodland, river valleys and fens. Records from seaward coasts are few. The species seems to have declined; it was previously assessed as “common inland, especially in damp woodland” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The following records illustrate a relative abundance in times gone by: Winfrith, common (Dr F Haines), Bloxworth, especially at onion blossom (A Pickard Cambridge, O Pickard Cambridge), Morden, frequent at light (W Parkinson Curtis), Badbury Rings, at scabious flowers (W Parkinson Curtis), Dunyeats Hill, commonly at light (W Parkinson Curtis), Break Hill Wood, commonly at light (W Parkinson Curtis). This species is similar to the Saltern Ear₂₃₅₈. Diagnostics include: a squarer, less rectangular forewing; a squarer, less rectangular reniform stigmata, a richer dark reddish-brown ground colour, not pale brown.

2361       Hydraecia micacea (Esper, 1789) ROSY RUSTIC

A common species throughout Britain, the larva feeding on the roots and inner stems of a wide variety of herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and common, although at low density in open heathland. It is on the wing for a relatively protracted period between late July and mid October.

2362       Hydraecia petasitis Doubleday, 1847 BUTTERBUR

A sparsely distributed species in England, the larva feeding on the roots and inner stems of butterbur (Petasites hybridus). In Dorset, the moth is local and under-researched. The foodplant is virtually absent from Purbeck and sandy soils, but forms colonies along streams and sometimes on damp verges in the west and north of the county. It is likely that the moth will be found in any site that supports reasonable quantities of butterbur. Actinic light trapping anong ther foodplant at the end of July and early August may prove successful. All county records follow: Iwerne Minster, on 26 August 1959, 15 August 1966 (H Moore), Tarrant Monkton, on 20 August and 24 August 1951, six on 19 August and two on 21 August 1953 (Dr H King), Wimborne, around butterbur plant on 17 August 1951 (Dr H King), Cranborne watercress beds, on 24 August 1955 (Dr H King, A Redgrave), Puddletown, on 4 August 1999, 13 July, 16 July, 20 July and 2 August 2002 (H Wood Homer), Bere Regis, four between 1 August and 9 August 1995, 17 August 1996 (S Barrett), Monkton Up Wimborne, on 17 August 1984 (Miss M Brooks). The following example, trapped on Purbeck where the foodplant is absent, is a suspected dispersed moth or immigrant; winds were between east and north-east at the time of capture: Scar Bank, on 17 August 1947 (A Russell). This species may be confused with the female Rosy Rustic₂₃₆₁. Diagnostics include: grey brown ground colour, not red-brown ground colour; more broad-winged, less rectangular.

2364       Gortyna flavago [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] FROSTED ORANGE

A generally distributed and frequent species in England and Wales, but local in Scotland, the larva feeding on the roots and inner stems of robust herbaceous plants, such as foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), thistle (Cirsium and Carduus spp.), burdock (Arctium spp.) and ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria). In Dorset, the moth is widespread and at low density with no ecological preference, although on open heathland the absence of suitable foodplants renders the moth rare.

2367       Celaena haworthii (Curtis, 1829) HAWORTH'S MINOR

A moorland species in northern Britain, a fenland species in East Anglia, and found in river valley habitat in Hampshire, the larva feeding in the inner stems of rushes (Juncus spp.), club-rush (Scirpus spp.) and cotton grass (Eriophorum spp.); the foodplant in Hamshire is unknown. In Dorset, a strong colony was detected about seventy-five years ago at Morden Bog where cotton grass may have hosted the species. The last record was from 1937. An old record from the nineteenth century from Poole (E Blanchard) has not been validated. “When Blanchard was collecting round Poole, he had Luscombe Bottom, Heavenly Bottom and Haymoor Bottom wholly undrained and exactly as Morden Bog was before the Forestry Commission interfered with it. I, personally, have seen all three before drainage had rendered them unsuitable for marsh loving insects, and feel sure that Blanchard could, and did, get the insect.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The Dorset form is of a much softer, pinker colouration than its northern counterpart. Recent visits to the site have failed to locate a colony, but the fen habitat at the site with some cotton grass has remained largely intact despite intensive coniferisation right up to the edge of the bog and around its perimeter from the 1960s. There is a chance that the species survives there still and further searches for the species during August and early September are recommended. Morden Bog, two at light in September 1927 (H Andrewes), at light on 2 August 1933, seven between 15 August 1937 and 3 September 1937 (A Russell).

2368       Celaena leucostigma (Hübner, 1808) CRESCENT

A local marshland species in Britain, the larva feeding on the inner stems of yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus), greater fen-sedge (Cladium mariscus), pond-sedge (Carex spp.) and related plants. In Dorset, the moth is local and at low density, confined mainly to coastal fens at Radipole, Lodmoor, Poole Harbour and Christchurch Harbour, but also colonising fens inland plus several river systems where robust marsh plant species grow in profusion, for example at Maiden Newton. The following light trap records are from non-marshy areas and suggest short to medium-range dispersal on occasion: Iwerne Minster, on 24 July 1955 (H Moore), Woolland, on 8 July 1999 (P Benham), St Albans Head, on 11 August 1986 (P Davey). The following moths were trapped during notable immigrations, and a continental source is suspected in each case: Portland, on 10 August 1995, 4 August 2001, 3 August 2003, 7 August 2003 (M Cade), Durlston, on 15 July 2003 (J McGill).

2369       Nonagria typhae (Thunberg, 1784) BULRUSH WAINSCOT

A local species throughout England and Wales, the larva feeding in the stems of bulrush (Typha spp.). In Dorset, bulrush is a rapid coloniser of nutrient-rich ponds, flooded pits and ditches, and is found locally in most of the county’s river systems. “In my opinion, to be obtained in any place where bulrush has been established for any length of time.” (W Parkinson Curtis ms). The following light trap records denote a flight period extending into the autumn in some years: Iwerne Minster, two on 13 October 1955, two on 9 November 1955 (H Moore), West Bexington, on 9 October 1996 (R Eden), Furzebrook, on 20 October 1975 (Professor N Webb), Holton Heath Marsh, two on 10 October 1994 (P Davey), Gaunts Common, on 12 October 1996 (P Davey), Hengistbury Head, female on 18 October 2003 (M Jeffes).   

2370       Archanara geminipuncta (Haworth, 1809) TWIN-SPOTTED WAINSCOT

A local species restricted to southern England, east Anglia and the south coast of Wales, the larva feeding within the inner stems of common reed (Phragmites australis). In Dorset, the moth is common within all the larger reedbeds. It is recorded regularly from the Fleet, Radipole, Lodmoor, Poole Harbour and Christchurch Harbour. It also occurs in fen habitat on the River Frome and the River Piddle to the west of Wareham, although there are no records of the moth from the extensively worked reedbed at Morden Bog. The following examples indicate colonisation of small pockets of common reed in coastal localities too: Punfield Cove, larva in a common reed stem on 8 June 1887, one larva plus one pupa on 30 June 1896, twelve larvae on 6 June 1898 (Reverend E Bankes), two pupae from common reed stems on 23 July 1895 (Reverend E Bankes, E Nevison).

There are many additional records of moths that may have originated from small pockets of common reed growing in wetland near trap sites but more likely these are the result of dispersal, indeed many singletons appeared far from any reedbed across the county during the intense heatwave of August 2003.

2371       Archanara dissoluta (Treitschke, 1825) BROWN-VEINED WAINSCOT

A local species occurring mainly in southern and central England and East Anglia, the larva feeding within the inner stems of common reed (Phragmites australis). In Dorset, the moth is marginally more local then the Twin-spotted Wainscot₂₃₇₀, being confined almost exclusively to the larger coastal reedbeds where it is common to abundant. It is recorded regularly from the Fleet, Radipole, Lodmoor, Poole Harbour and Christchurch Harbour, although it is less frequent along the Fleet than the Twin-spotted Wainscot, and inland reedbeds have yet to yield colonies. Rather less dispersive than Twin-spotted Wainscot, examples have very occasionally appeared well inland. This species is rather similar to Twin-spotted Wainscot. Diagnostics include: brown vein mark between thorax and stigmata often edged with white scales; longer wing giving a more slender appearance; white marks when present in same orientation as brown vein, not one above the other; not unicolorous.

2373       Archanara sparganii (Esper, 1790) WEBB'S WAINSCOT     Notable/Nb

A species restricted mainly to the coasts of southern England and East Anglia, the larva feeding on the inner stems of bulrush (Typha spp.), yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus), and branched bur-reed (Sparganium erectum). The species is reputed to always colonise habitat containing common reed (Phragmites australis) although it is apparently never a host plant. In Dorset, the moth is exceedingly local although often common where it occurs. It is headquartered at Studland where it colonises bulrush growing in the reedbed at the northern tip of the peninsular and around the shores of Littlesea. Small numbers have been found on the southern edge of Christchurch Harbour in reedbed habitat at Wick Hams, and in the reed-bed habitat at Radipole. The moth also colonises ponds and lakes inland, notably on Trigon where bulrush and branched bur-reed grow, but where common reed is absent - the ponds were dug and brick-lined several hundred years ago: nearly every bulrush plant with larvae and or pupae inside in 1996 (C Manley). It is recommended that this species be included in habitat management plans at the Radipole, Studland and Christchurch harbour nature reserves, and that other bulrush-rich sites be researched to locate further colonies of the moth. This Wainscot also disperses over short to medium-distance on occasion, again, notably during the heatwave of August 2003, when examples were trapped both on Portland and at Puddletown.

2374       Archanara algae (Esper, 1789) RUSH WAINSCOT     RDB3

A rare species found in Sussex and Norfolk, the larva feeding on the inner stems of bulrush (Typha spp.), yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus), and common club-rush (Scirpus lacustris). In Dorset, the moth has been seen on one occasion close to suitable habitat. There was no opportunity for immigration at the time with a high pressure area centred over the English Channel and light and variable winds: Hengistbury Head, netted whilst flying around lamp post on 6 August 1953 (C Pearce). It is recommended that searches be undertaken for this species from freshwater habitat containing its foodplants at Wick Hams and at Stanpit Marsh. This species resembles Webb’s Wainscot₂₃₇₃. Diagnostics include: the absence of a dotted border on the edge of the forewing.

2375       Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner, 1803) LARGE WAINSCOT

A species found in reedbeds throughout Britain, the larva feeding in the lower stems and roots of common reed (Phragmites australis). In Dorset, the moth is common within all the larger reedbeds, frequent in the smaller reedbeds along the coast and inland fens, and scattered in wetland situations elsewhere inland. The moth is prone to wandering and has occasionally been trapped some distance from suitable habitat. It has a prolonged flight period.

 2376       Sedina buettneri (Hering, 1858) BLAIR'S WAINSCOT     RDB1

This species was discovered by Dr K Blair in marsh habitat on the Isle of Wight in 1945. In 1952, the habitat was drained and the surface burned, and the species became extinct in Britain, the larva feeds on lesser pond-sedge (Carex acutiformis). On 8 October 1996, S Hales, D Hallett and Ms M Spencer trapped two Wainscot moths that were new to them near sedge beds in southern Dorset. These were subsequently identified as Blair’s Wainscots. Many larvae were located feeding inside the stems of

lesser pond-sedge at the site and in more extensive sedge beds one kilometer away the following summer. In the autumn of that year, two further sites were found to contain the species in two widely separated localities, one close to the upper reaches of the River Frome, the other in old decoy ponds north of the River Piddle near Wareham. In 1998, two more discrete sites were discovered on the Bere Stream and on the River Frome. The species is evidently well established in fen habitat in suitable places along the Frome and Piddle river systems. A continuation of the sympathetic management of Carex acutiformis beds on nature reserves within these catchment areas could be beneficial to maintaining this species, such as rotational cutting of the sedge. Excessive grazing levels, burning and draining would evidently place existing colonies at risk.

The moth is evidently dispersive; the following light trap records refer: Chedington Wood, female at 10:30pm on 28 October 2006 (P Davey), Ringstead, on 14 October 2007 (R Bell), Puddletown, on 28 September 2004 (H Wood Homer). Given this dispersive tendency, it may be that this species is a relative newcomer to the county, indeed, the colonies near Bere Regis are situated close to where H Andrewes ran his light traps for many years in the early part of the last century, and yet he never saw the moth, a parallel perhaps to the recent arrival and rapid colonisation of heathland by Southern Chestnut_2264.1. So far, no other UK county has recorded this species in recent years.

2377       Arenostola phragmitidis (Hübner, 1803) FEN WAINSCOT

A species restricted mainly to south-east Britain, the larva feeding in the inner stems of common reed (Phragmites australis). In Dorset, the moth is common within all the larger coastal reedbeds and at low density elsewhere along the coast where common reed grows on wet clay cliffs and landslip habitat. There is a single instance of the moth colonising common reed growing inland: Batcombe Barn on edge of reedbed 50m x 20m, at light on 25 July 2005, and two on 26 July 2006 (T A Box).  Elsewhere, singleton records from a range of 'dry' localities up to ten kilometres inland suggest occasional dispersal from coastal reedbed colonies.

2378       Oria musculosa (Hübner, 1808) BRIGHTON WAINSCOT     Notable/Na

A rare species of unimproved arable that occurred in suitable localities in central southern England before a rapid decline about 1980, the larva feeding on the inner stems and seeds of grasses (Poaceae spp.) and cereal crops such as wheat, rye, oats and barley. This species seems to have succumbed to the changes in agricultural practices in recent years, not least the widespread application of chemicals to cereal crops and the consequent contamination of field boundaries, plus the burning of stubble in the latter part of the twentieth century. The moth has been recorded on two occasions in north-east Dorset. With north-easterly and northerly airflows established on the respective dates, these moths were likely to have originated from the colonies inhabiting the large cereal crop expanses north of Salisbury in neighbouring Wiltshire, up to forty kilometers away. It therefore seems unlikely that the species has ever been resident within the county: Iwerne Minster, at MV light one on 24 July 1959 and another on 5 August 1963 (H Moore).

2379       Coenobia rufa (Haworth, 1809) SMALL RUFOUS

A local wetland species in southern Britain, the larva feeding in the inner stems of jointed rush (Juncus articulatus), sharp-flowered rush (Juncus acutiflorus) and soft rush (Juncus effusus). In Dorset, the moth is common only very locally in marshy fields, flushed wet heaths, wet woodland rides and by ponds and lakes wherever its foodplants abound.

The species tends not to stray beyond the confines of its wetland habitat, but coastal records suggest occasional immigration, and were particularly prevalent during the heatwave of August 2003 that coincided with massive northward movements of wetland species from mainland Europe.

2380       Charanyca trigrammica (Hufnagel, 1766) TREBLE LINES

A widespread species in southern Britain, but absent from Scotland, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is widespread, ranging from locally abundant on unimproved grassland and in open woodland, to frequent elsewhere. Of the five hundred and twenty two examples trapped at Arne between 1993 and 1995, 95% were of the typical form, and 5% referred to the melanistic form, ab. bilinea. The following singleton in a warmer than usual summer is likely to have been a second generation individual: Matchams, at MV on 31 August 1983 (G Le Pard).

2381       Hoplodrina alsines (Brahm, 1791) UNCERTAIN

A common lowland species in southern Britain, more local further north, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and frequent to common with a slight preference for deciduous woodland. In addition to the main single generation in mid summer, a much smaller bivoltine cycle is suspected with peaks in early June and in early-September.

2382       Hoplodrina blanda [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] RUSTIC

A species found throughout southern Britain, more local further north, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and common with a marked preference for unimproved grassland where it is often abundant especially on chalky soils, both inland and on the coast. In addition to the mid-summer peak, a bivoltine cycle is suspected with peaks in early June and mid-September. The moth is similar to the Uncertain₂₃₈₁. Diagnostics include: a smoother less patterned forewing; more definitely grey brown; stigmata fill colouration similar to general ground colour, but in Uncertain, stigmata often contain a darker colour than ground colour.

2384       Hoplodrina ambigua [Denis & Schiffermüller 1775] VINE'S RUSTIC

A species confined to south-east England with scattered records elsewhere in England and Wales, the polyphagous larva feeding on a wide range of herbaceous plants. This species was considered to be solely an immigrant in the early part of the last century. From 1940 to the present time the moth has colonised much of south-east England, with numbers declining in cooler summers and increasing in warmer summers. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and frequent with a marked preference for unimproved grassland where it is often abundant. It is double-brooded, but immigrants undoubtedly augment resident populations from time to time, and these may include third generation individuals during the autumn months. The peak of the second brood is more than twice that of the first.

2385       Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) SMALL MOTTLED WILLOW

A strongly migratory species with a near-global tropical and sub-tropical distribution that ranges from a virtual annual in southern England to a relative rarity in northern Scotland. The larva is a pest of crops in regions south of 35^°N. In Dorset, the moth has been recorded with increasing frequency since 1982, but very few in the very westerly El Ninã summers of 2007 and 2008, and in every month apart from December and March. In favourable seasons, immigrants spawn resident populations, as happened in 1906, 1996, 2003 and 2006. “1906 will be memorable for the sudden appearance, at the end of May and the beginning of June, of considerable numbers of several different kinds of Lepidoptera, some of which are usually very rare in Britain, being unable to survive our winters. The species that thus appeared, having doubtless flown over from the continent, were Painted Lady, Striped Hawk, Bordered Straw, Silver Y, Nomophila noctuella and Plutella xylostella, and there is every reason for believing that a flight of Small Mottled Willow, reached Dorset at the same time. The summer being favourable to their progeny, large subsequent broods of most of these welcome visitors was observed in due course.” (Reverend E Bankes).

A similar massive immigration, featuring all of the species mentioned in the Bankes account occurred in the middle of June 1996, often with large numbers recorded. The respective weather maps for the two events show south to south-westerly airflows originating from low latitudes on both occasions. In 2003, two-hundred and ninety-three moths appeared on Portland between 14 and 16 June, and a similar total of two-hundred and twenty were trapped there in the remarkable winter immigration of 2004, between the 11 and 13 February. Southerly airflows likely transported huge numbers of these moths on each occasion from the region of the Sahara. The main brood peaks are roughly fifty days apart, on average. The species does not appear to be able to survive the UK winter in any stage, so although in excess of one thousand moths were recorded in both 1996 and in 2006, a grand total of just one moth was seen in the two seasons that followed.

2386       Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) MEDITERRANEAN BROCADE

Recorded on four occasions as a scarce migrant species in coastal localities in south-east England and East Anglia, and imported with Chrysanthemum plants into nurseries across southern Britain in the early 1960s. A pest species in the tropics and sub-tropics, the polyphagous larva feeding on a wide range of plants and shrubs, and, since the 1950s, established in parts of southern Europe. In Dorset, the moth has been seen as an adult on two occasions at light traps in recent years, both are suspected immigrants: Stoborough, on 14 October 1978 (B Withers), and on Studland, on 13 October 1979 (D Brown). A potential source for these was the region of the western Mediterranean on both occasions. There are two historic records are this species, but of larva in both cases: Boscombe, bred from larva found in the wild on 16 July 1905 (Major R Robertson), Weymouth, adults bred from larvae found among imported bananas on 4 February 1914 (B Smith, per W Parkinson Curtis).

2386.3   Spodoptera cilium (Guenée, 1852) DARK MOTTLED WILLOW

Recorded on just a handful of occasions in southern coastal counties of England, the first example was trapped in Cornwall in 1990. Abroad it is found in the tropics, north Africa, the Canaries, Spain and parts of southern France, the larva feeding on short turf grass species. In Dorset, the moth has been seen on five occasions at light traps, and all are suspected immigrants: West Bexington, on 10 October 1995 (R Eden), Portland, 1 October 1990, two on 9 October 1995 (M Cade), Stoborough, on 11 October 1995 (B Withers). The weather patterns in 1990 and 1995 were very similar, with a potential source of western Iberia or Morocco on both occasions. This species is similar to Small Mottled Willow₂₃₈₅. Diagnostics include a flat-winged posture when at rest, not tectiform with wings (almost) curved around the abdomen; grey-brown ground colour, not tawny; orbicular stigmata ash-grey, not orange.

2387       Caradrina morpheus (Hufnagel, 1766) MOTTLED RUSTIC

A widespread species in lowland southern Britain, more coastal in the north, the larva feeding nocturnally on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth is ubiquitous and frequent to common with no apparent ecological preference. Potential second brood singletons are occasionally seen following warmer than average summers, the following records refer: West Bexington, 20 September 2003, 25 September 2004 (R Eden), Gillingham, 22 September 2006 (G Hopkins), Arne Wood, at MV on 1 September 1976, 4 September 1976, 21 September 1976 (B Pickess), Whitesheet, at MV on 7 September 1986 (Miss M Brooks).

2387.1   Platyperigea kadenii (Freyer, 1836) CLANCY’S RUSTIC

Established across southern Europe south of 45ºN and new to Britain in 2002, the larva is likely to feed on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth was first seen in 2005: Preston, on 24 June 2005 (M Forster), Portland Bird Observatory, on 9 September 2005, 17 October 2005 (M Cade), Swanage, on 26 October 2005 (R Cox). Numbers exploded the following year for the mostpart due to the long hot summer plus frequent and often intense immigration events. Despite the atrocious summers over the following two years with minimal opportunities for immigration, numbers have remained significantly high (2007: 50+ and 2008: 100+) especially from coastal locations, and it appears that this newcomer is now an established resident in the southern half of the county, albeit for the time being.

2389       Caradrina clavipalpis (Scopoli, 1763) PALE MOTTLED WILLOW

An unimproved grassland and unimproved arable species in Britain, the larva feeding on the seeds of grasses (Poaceae spp.) and the seeds of cereal crops such as wheat, rye, oats and barley. In Dorset, the moth is widespread and frequent, and has been trapped in every month except December and January. It is locally common in unimproved grassland and most often recorded in coastal areas. The species was undoubtedly abundant on arable in the days before toxins were applied to every last square metre of crop, for example, the caterpillar was found in large numbers on Purbeck by beating haystacks. The national norm is of a bivoltine cycle, but in Dorset the picture is not nearly as clear-cut with a pattern reminiscent of immigrant species such as the Turnip₂₀₈₇ where populations increase through the year, being supplemented by immigration from Europe.

2391       Chilodes maritimus (Tauscher, 1806) SILKY WAINSCOT

A local species found in large reedbeds in southern and eastern England, the carnivorous larva feeding on vegetable and animal matter within dead stems of common reed (Phragmites australis) that have been broken or tunnelled by Twin-spotted Wainscot₂₃₇₀, Brown-veined Wainscot₂₃₇₁ and Fen Wainscot₂₃₇₇ moths (it apparently cannot enter an unopened stem). It will also eat the membranous lining of the stems. In Dorset, the moth is frequent within all the larger coastal reedbeds on the Fleet, at Radipole and Lodmoor, and around Poole Harbour and Christchurch Harbour, so all those occupied by the other Wainscot species mentioned. No examples have been found in the extensive reedbed at Morden Bog. There are many records from localities some distance from coastal reedbed, and occasional short to medium range dispersal is suspected for these. The well-marked forms ab. bipunctata, where the reniform and orbicular stigmata are black and circular, and ab. wismariensis, where black median longitudinal suffusion extends from the base of the wing to the termen, have both been recorded in Dorset. The brood cycle is rather obscure and additional records are needed to clarify an apparent multivoltine pattern.

2392.1   Proxenus hospes (Freyer, 1831) PORTER'S RUSTIC

First recorded in Cornwall in 1978, and, more recently, observed with increasing frequency as an immigrant in southern coastal counties of England. Abroad it is found across southern Europe south of 45ºN, the larva feeding on various herbaceous plants. In Dorset, the moth has been seen at light traps on twenty-five occasions since the hot summer of 2003: West Bexington, 4, 5 and 14 August 2007 (R Eden), Weymouth, 27 August 2006 (Dr P Sterling), Preston, on 1 September 2006 (M Forster), Portland, on13 August 2003, two on 28 August 2004, 21 June 2005, three on 21 and one on 23 August 2006, 7 September 2006, 7 and 10 August 2007, 29 and 30 May 2008, 8 June 2008, 31 August, 12 September, two on 14 and one on 16 September 2008 (M Cade), Broadmayne, on 5 September 2006 (P Bruce-Jones), Puddletown, 10 September 2005, 22 August 2006, 4 and 5 August 2007 (H Wood Homer). Given the first and second brood records in 2008 from Portland and the relatively continuous nature of the dates, it may be possible that the species has managed to colonise the Island in the last couple of years.

2394       Stilbia anomala (Haworth, 1812) ANOMALOUS

A local moorland species in the north and west of Britain, and on heathland in Cornwall, Dorset and Hampshire, the larva feeding on wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa) and other grasses. In Dorset, the moth is very local and at low density being confined mainly to the sandy soils in the Poole Basin where its primary foodsource is likely to be bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii), wavy hair-grass is distinctly local and absent from many of the heathland blocks where the moth occurs. The moth has undoubtedly declined in parallel with the loss of bristle bent rich habitat through lack of disturbance of heathland, see comments under the Speckled Footman₂₀₅₃. Singletons encountered elsewhere suggest occasional dispersal from colonies on sandy soil, although bristle bent and wavy hair-grass occupy acid soils in the far west of Dorset too, and grow very locally on leached soils on chalk summits: Lyme Regis, (R Demuth), Upwey, at MV on 13 September 1958 (Brigadier H Warry), Nine Barrow Down, (A Russell), Swanage, (A Batley), West Bexington, at MV on 15 August 1993, 28 August 1993 (R Eden), Puddletown, at MV on 29 September 2001, 13 September 2003 (H Wood Homer), Durdle Door, at MV on 23 August 1971 (D Brown). Consideration should be given to including this species in habitat management plans for heathland reserves. The implementation of the recommendations highlighted within the account of the Speckled Footman should benefit this species too.

2396       Elaphria venustula (Hübner, 1790) ROSY MARBLED     Notable/Nb

A local species confined to south-east England, but in recent years has spread westwards, the larva feeding on tormentil (Potentilla erecta). In Dorset, the species was first encountered in the far east of the county at Matchams in 1986, and up to 2007 just a handful of sites elsewhere across the Poole Basin. In these places the species favours open woodland on sandy soils, particularly where bracken flourishes in warm, sheltered gulleys: Trigon, five at MV on 13 July 1996 (C Manley, P Davey), 17 June 1998 (C Manley), St Leonards Peats, at MV on 6 July 1998 (P Davey), St Ives, at MV on 20 June 1989 (Dr J Clarke), Ringwood Forest, 2 July 2008 (R Goff), Hurn, at MV on 27 May 2003, 13 June 2003, 18 June 2003, two on 23 June 2005, 27 June 2005, 17 and 25 May 2006, 6 and 7 June 2006, 7 June 2008 (M Jeffes), Sopley Common, at MV on 3 June 2000 (M Jeffes), Matchams, at MV on 16 June 1986, 1 July 1986 (G Le Pard). In 2007, trapping was undertaken in Chase Woods containing extensive areas of oak, birch and maple, but also with relatively large quantities of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), so a rather different biotype to bracken-clad heathland. This was a site that had been researched fairly regularly during the 1990s, and no Rosy Marbled was observed in the traps at that time, however in 2007, colonisation was clearly evident: Scrubbity Barrows, four on 16 June 2007 (P Davey et al).The following moths were trapped well away from suitable habitat, the first on a very late date given that the moth is single brooded between mid-May and mid-July in the UK: Scar Bank, at light on 28 August 1933 (A Russell); this was likely to have been a second brood immigrant. The other light trap examples were recorded during high immigrant activity: Shapwick, on 25 June 2001 (P Davey), Kingston, on 18 June 2005 (P Benham), France Down, on 12 June 2006 (M Parsons, P Davey). Central or northern France is a potential source given that hot south-easterly airflows were established on all four occasions.

2397       Panemeria tenebrata (Scopoli, 1763) SMALL YELLOW UNDERWING

A local species in England and Wales, the larva feeding on common mouse-ear (Cerastium fontanum) and field mouse-ear (Cerastium arvense). In Dorset, this handsome day-flying species is widespread but local and usually at low density but potentially under-recorded due to its small size and to its similarity, at least on the wing, to day-flying Pyrausta micromoth species. It tends to occur in unimproved grassland, on verges and in gardens on all soil types, where common mouse-ear is abundant. A strong colony of the moth has taken up residence at a site in the process of being reverted from improved to unimproved chalk grassland by the National Trust on the Kingston Lacy estate: Shapwick, roughly one hundred present in sunshine on 12 May 2002 (P Davey), fifty in sunshine on 14 May 2003 (P Davey, C Manley). An alternative foodplant for the species, field mouse-ear, was once widespread in short turf on chalky soils and on heathland tracks. However, the plant has declined significantly, for example it has disappeared from Parley Common, a locality once colonised by the moth, and remains only on ancient earthworks in the far north-east of the county.